The industry of microbreweries in the canton of Geneva: what are the current challenges faced by microbreweries in the market of Geneva and who are their customers ?

Switzerland is the country with the highest number of breweries per capita in the world (Genillard, 2018). In 2019, the number of microbreweries is around 1000. However, it has not always been the case that Switzerland was the leading country in terms of number of microbreweries. Indeed, in 1990, there were only 32 microbreweries in Switzerland. This phenomenon is something recent and even if the number has not stopped rising since 1990, there are many microbreweries that have failed to launch their enterprise which disappeared or went bankrupt. This bachelor project aims at identifying the diverse challenges faced by the microbrewers in the canton of Geneva. Moreover, the project also tries to build a consumer profile as well as identifying the important features of craft beers for the consumers. There are three different challenges identified that microbrewers in the canton of Geneva encounter. The first one being the difficulty to find a production warehouse and/or selling point. Indeed, it is quite expensive and constraining for diverse reasons. The second challenge identified is the initial investment and the machinery to be able to brew. The third challenge is the access to financing. Daily management and other important matters to think about are also addressed by this report. This report also addresses the future of the industry of microbrewery as well as the existing consortium. The future of the industry is currently difficult to forecast. Regarding the consumer profile, the key finding was that a typical consumer profile can be drawn. There are some factors that are relevant such as gender, income, occupation and education and some other that are inconclusive such as age. Plus, many different reasons where found to understand why a person do not drink a craft beer. The percentage of people that drinks craft beer was also identified. The findings show that consumers drink either often craft beers or drink it on a casual basis. The typical place where consumers drink craft beer was examined. The easiness of finding craft beer was analysed on the consumer point of view. Then, an investigation of the average amount spend by consumer was done and it seems that in average people spend up to 50 CHF per month. The features of craft beers that are important for consumers were also looked at. Plus, this report analyses if consumers living in Geneva consume mostly craft beers from Geneva or other places. Furthermore, craft beer was studied to see if this is something recently consumed in Geneva. Lastly, the favourite beers/microbreweries were identified for consumers in the market of Geneva

The Discriminatory Effect of Domestic Regulations on International Trade in Services: Evidence from Firm-Level Data

URL des Documents de travail : http://centredeconomiesorbonne.univ-paris1.fr/bandeau-haut/documents-de-travail/Documents de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2013.19 - ISSN : 1955-611XIn order to promote international trade in services, the WTO-GATS aims at progressively eliminating discriminatory regulations, which apply to foreign suppliers, byguaranteeing equal national treatment. This paper looks instead at the trade effect of domestic regulations, which apply to all firms indifferently and do not intend to exclude foreign suppliers. We propose a theory-based empirical test to determine whether or not these domestic regulations affect foreign suppliers more than local ones. We take this test to the data by using French firm-level exports of professional services to OECD countries. Our econometric results show that domestic regulations in the importing markets matter significantly for trade in services. They reduce both the decision to export and the individual exports. These results tend to prove that domestic regulations are de facto discriminatory even if they are not de jure.Afin de promouvoir le commerce international de services, l'AGCS (OMC) a pour but l'élimination des régulations discriminantes qui s'appliquent aux entreprises étrangères, en garantissant un accès au marché identique à toutes les entreprises. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons aux régulations qui sont non discriminantes par nature, et s'appliquent de manière identique aux entreprises domestiques et étrangères. Nous proposons un test empirique basé sur un modèle simple de commerce international avec firmes hétérogènes, afin de déterminer si ces régulations affectent plus les entreprises étrangères que les entreprises domestiques. Nous utilisons des données individuelles sur les exportations de services professionnels par les entreprises françaises vers les pays de l'OCDE. Nos résultats montrent que les régulations dans les secteurs des services des pays importateurs constituent une barrière importante au commerce international de services. Ces régulations réduisent à la fois la probabilité d'exporter, et les exportations individuelles. Ces résultats montrent que les régulations domestiques sont discriminantes de facto, même si elles ne le sont pas de jure

Les services dans l'économie actuelle

Today’s developed economies are often described as service economies. More than two thirds of employment and value added is generated by the service sector in OECD countries. Services are increasingly important in today’s knowledge based economies, are a crucial component of economic growth and contribute to the competitiveness of the industrial sector (Nord ås and Kim, 2013). Figure IV.9 plots the evolution of value added and employment in France between 1970 and 2007. It shows that the professional service industries (Real estate/renting/business services and financial intermediation) are the main contributors to the growth of the French economy. These services (also called “complementary services” by Katouzian (1970)), have been growing much faster than the manufacturing sector, and much faster than the other service sectors (wholesale/retail, hotels and restaurant services). These fast growing services accounted for 33% of the total value added in 2007 (twice as much as the manufacturing sector) and 20% of the overall employment (14% for the manufacturing sector). [...]Les nations développées contemporaines sont souvent décrites comme des économies de services. Dans la majorité des pays de l’OCDE (Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques), plus des deux tiers de l’emploi et de la valeur ajoutée sont issus du secteur des services. Les services occupent une place extrêmement importante dans les nations tournées vers l’économie du savoir. Ils sont également un des principaux moteurs de la croissance économique, et participent activement à la compétitivité du secteur industriel (Nordås and Kim, 2013). La figure IV.9 illustre l’importance croissante des services dans l’emploi et la valeur ajoutée de l’économie française entre 1970 et 2007. Les valeurs utilisées sont prises en référence à l’année de base (1970), et renseignent donc sur le taux de croissance de chaque secteur en terme de valeur ajoutée et d’emploi. Le message est clair sans ambiguïté. Les services professionnels (immobilier, location, services aux entreprises et intermédiation financière) contribuent le plus à la croissance de l’économie française. Ces services, aussi appelés “services complémentaires” par Katouzian (1970) car ils complémentent les activités industrielles, ont connu une croissance de leur valeur ajoutée beaucoup plus forte que le secteur industriel et que les autres secteurs de services (grossistes/détaillants, hôtels et restaurants par exemple). En 2007, le secteur des services professionnels comptait pour un tiers de la valeur ajoutée générée en France, soit deux fois plus que le secteur industriel. Du côté de l’emploi, le constat est encore plus frappant. Les services professionnels contribuent encore une fois fortement à la croissance de l’emploi (avec également les secteurs de l’hôtellerie et de la restauration) alors que le secteur industriel n’a cessé de perdre des emplois sur cette période. En 2007, les services professionnels regroupaient 20% de l’emploi, contre 14% pour le secteur industriel. [...

Les services dans l'économie actuelle

Les nations développées contemporaines sont souvent décrites comme des économies de services. Dans la majorité des pays de l’OCDE (Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques), plus des deux tiers de l’emploi et de la valeur ajoutée sont issus du secteur des services. Les services occupent une place extrêmement importante dans les nations tournées vers l’économie du savoir. Ils sont également un des principaux moteurs de la croissance économique, et participent activement à la compétitivité du secteur industriel (Nordås and Kim, 2013). La figure IV.9 illustre l’importance croissante des services dans l’emploi et la valeur ajoutée de l’économie française entre 1970 et 2007. Les valeurs utilisées sont prises en référence à l’année de base (1970), et renseignent donc sur le taux de croissance de chaque secteur en terme de valeur ajoutée et d’emploi. Le message est clair sans ambiguïté. Les services professionnels (immobilier, location, services aux entreprises et intermédiation financière) contribuent le plus à la croissance de l’économie française. Ces services, aussi appelés “services complémentaires” par Katouzian (1970) car ils complémentent les activités industrielles, ont connu une croissance de leur valeur ajoutée beaucoup plus forte que le secteur industriel et que les autres secteurs de services (grossistes/détaillants, hôtels et restaurants par exemple). En 2007, le secteur des services professionnels comptait pour un tiers de la valeur ajoutée générée en France, soit deux fois plus que le secteur industriel. Du côté de l’emploi, le constat est encore plus frappant. Les services professionnels contribuent encore une fois fortement à la croissance de l’emploi (avec également les secteurs de l’hôtellerie et de la restauration) alors que le secteur industriel n’a cessé de perdre des emplois sur cette période. En 2007, les services professionnels regroupaient 20% de l’emploi, contre 14% pour le secteur industriel. [...]Today’s developed economies are often described as service economies. More than two thirds of employment and value added is generated by the service sector in OECD countries. Services are increasingly important in today’s knowledge based economies, are a crucial component of economic growth and contribute to the competitiveness of the industrial sector (Nord ås and Kim, 2013). Figure IV.9 plots the evolution of value added and employment in France between 1970 and 2007. It shows that the professional service industries (Real estate/renting/business services and financial intermediation) are the main contributors to the growth of the French economy. These services (also called “complementary services” by Katouzian (1970)), have been growing much faster than the manufacturing sector, and much faster than the other service sectors (wholesale/retail, hotels and restaurant services). These fast growing services accounted for 33% of the total value added in 2007 (twice as much as the manufacturing sector) and 20% of the overall employment (14% for the manufacturing sector). [...

How much can bulk stores help reduce carbon footprint by limiting plastic food packaging ?

This report focuses on the quantity of food packaging waste consumed by an average single individual, residing in Switzerland. It is based on the household budget survey published by the Federal Statistical Office (FSO). This budget survey mentions the food quantities monthly consumed by a single individual and thus, the packaging waste could be computed accordingly. The objective is to compare the packaging waste of an individual grocery shopping in supermarkets with a person going to bulk stores. It aims to show the quantity of packaging reduction by bulk-buying, hence the monthly waste reduction. The main materials used for food packaging are plastic, glass, metal and cardboard. Due to its durability and popularity, this study also measured the carbon footprint emitted by plastic packaging for a single individual. Three analyses have been made. The first estimates that an average individual consumed 2.7 kg of packaging monthly, of which more than a half is plastic. This quantity of plastic yearly emits 105 kg of CO2 emissions. The plastic packaging carbon footprint can be reduced by almost 60% by purchasing in bulk stores. Even if purchasing in bulk stores decrease the amount of CO2 emissions, it implies changing customers habits. Hence, the second analysis compares the buying patterns of supermarkets’ customers and bulk stores’ clients. It reveals that most of the bulk stores customers are small households, while supermarkets customers are larger ones. In addition, there are costs for customers arising from changes, referred to as switching costs. The third analysis estimates the two main switching costs to adopt more environmentally friendly approaches when grocery shopping. Firstly, the monetary costs show that supermarkets are 30% less expensive than bulk stores and offer wider products selection. Secondly, the time-based switching costs indicate that bulk stores’ customers spend weekly 50% more time in grocery shopping. In addition, bulk stores are present in only a few municipalities. The final part of this report brings recommendations to decrease the customers’ switching costs. Several options are possible such as increasing the visibility and products’ variety of bulk stores

Les firmes françaises dans le commerce international de services

Gaulier Guillaume, Milet Emmanuel, Mirza Daniel. Les firmes françaises dans le commerce international de services. In: Economie et statistique, n°435-436, 2010. pp. 125-147

Online exports and the skilled-unskilled wage gap.

The development of the Internet is often seen as a source of demand for skilled workers and therefore a potential driver of the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers. This paper focuses on the impact that international trade in online platforms has on the skilled-unskilled wage gap. Because online trade allows smaller firms with relatively more unskilled workers to access world markets, one can expect an expansion of online exports to reduce the wage gap. After correcting for potential endogeneity bias in a sample of 22 developing countries for which online trade and wage gap data can be matched, we find that a 1 percent increase in the share of online exports over GDP leads to a 0.01 percent decline in the skilled-unskilled wage gap

Le club "ultra-select" des firmes exportatrices de services

ED EP

Le club utra select des firmes exportatrices de services

Lettre du CEPI

The impact of domestic regulations on international trade in services: Evidence from firm-level data

International audienc