A "former nobleman": survival in soviet realities

The issues addressed in the article are of particular relevance for the contemporary historiography due to the absence of systematic studies on the history of the "Soviet nobility" and their adaptation to the Soviet realities. An especially interesting aspect of this topic is the transformation of values and worldview of the nobility in the conditions of the dominant communist ideology. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the nobility survival in the period of establishment of a totalitarian political regime and destruction of the traditional Russian system of values and religious traditions. The primary research method used to address the topic is the micro-historical analysis, which allowed the authors to obtain the following results: a typology of this social group was developed (involuntary or deported emigrants, open or hidden oppositionists, and those who were forced to adapt), based on characterization of beliefs, values and patterns of behaviour of individual representatives of the "former" nobility; oppressive measures used by the Soviet power against the "exploiters" were classified into several types: economic oppression, legal restrictions, ideological pressure and direct terror; and specific features of their adaptation to the Soviet realities, including its ethno-confessional aspect, were identified. The main conclusion drawn from the research is that the nobiliary culture and system of values proved extremely resistant to various challenges and threats of the Soviet epoch. Materials of this article have both theoretical and practical implications in the context of actualisation of the culture of mansions, nobiliary traditions and the cadet education in today´s Russia.Keywords: "Soviet nobility", system of values, emigration, opposition, terror, adaptatio

Biochemical indicators of sports achievements in highly qualified wrestlers

Objective: to conduct comparative analysis of blood biochemical parameters (urea, ALT, AST, creatinkinase, cortisol, testosterone and testosterone / cortisol ratio) in groups of high­class wrestlers with different levels of sports achievements.Materials and methods: male athletes (n = 78), members of the Russian national team in one of the types of wrestling (the average age is 25.2 (21.5–28.9) years, the average weight is 76.9 (68.4–83.4) kg) were recruited to this study. The examined athletes were divided into two groups according to their sporting achievements. The first one — SHA group (super­high achievements) which included athletes (n = 19) who had victories and prizes at the largest international competitions (European, World, Olympic Games), and the second group — MNT group (members of the national team) which included athletes that did not have similar achievements (n = 59). The following biochemical parameters were studied: urea, creatine kinase, ALT, AST, testosterone, cortisol, anabolic index (AI).Results: the absolute values of all metabolites in the examined athletes were within the reference intervals. Statistically significant differences in most of the biochemical parameters were revealed between the compared groups in terms of the level of sports achievements. The SHA group showed a statistically significant shift in relation to MNT group, in direction of increasing the level of metabolites that characterize the predominance of anabolic processes — ALT, testosterone, AI. Metabolite levels, increase which reflects catabolic processes activity and inadequate or insufficient adaptation processes, in the SHA group were significantly lower than in the MNT group. The above changes of the absolute values of biochemical parameters were confirmed by correlation analysis.Conclusions: the obtained results allow us to state the optimal adaptation of this sport, the adequacy of metabolic processes in the group of highly qualified athletes

Mitochondrial transfection for studying organellar DNA repair, genome maintenance and aging

International audienc

DNA import competence and mitochondrial genetics

Aim. To understand the mechanism(s) underlying mitochondrial competence for DNA uptake and to exploit these pathways for the development of in vivo models of gene therapy. Methods. DNA uptake into isolated mitochondria from plant or from mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective for mitochondrial proteins and carriers, biochemical approaches and transfection of mammalian cells with DNA bound to mitochondriotropic liposomes. Results. Special focus on the inner membrane showed the involvement of isoforms of the adenine nucleotide translocator and the contribution of proteins controlling mitochondrial morphology in DNA uptake into yeast organelles. Transfection assays led to significant incorporation of a mitochondrial construct into mammalian cells and expression of a marker gene. Conclusions. The data imply that there are multiple mitochondrial DNA import pathways. On the other hand, preliminary results suggest that mitochondriotropic liposomes can deliver DNA to mitochondria in live mammalian cells

Gene delivery to mitochondria by targeting modified adenoassociated virus suppresses Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in a mouse model

To introduce DNA into mitochondria efficiently, we fused adenoassociated virus capsid VP2 with a mitochondrial targeting sequence to carry the mitochondrial gene encoding the human NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit 4 (ND4). Expression of WT ND4 in cells with the G11778A mutation in ND4 led to restoration of defective ATP synthesis. Furthermore, with injection into the rodent eye, human ND4 DNA levels in mitochondria reached 80% of its mouse homolog. The construct expressed in most inner retinal neurons, and it also suppressed visual loss and optic atrophy induced by a mutant ND4 homolog. The adenoassociated virus cassette accommodates genes of up to ∼5 kb in length, thus providing a platform for introduction of almost any mitochondrial gene and perhaps even allowing insertion of DNA encompassing large deletions of mtDNA, some associated with aging, into the organelle of adults

Drug Safety for Children — International Monitoring Data for 50 Years

The review article presents a summary of adverse drug reactions (ADR)  in children, information about which was received in 1968–2018 in the International database VigiBase (Uppsala monitoring center, UMC).  Of the  18.4 million Individual Safety Case Reports (ICSR)  received over  50 years by VigiBase, 1.47 million ICSR contain information on the  safety of pharmacotherapy in patients under the  age of 18,  including: 34 510  reports contain information on ADR  in children under the  age  of 27 days, 415  678  — in children aged  28 days  to 23 months, 613 676 — aged 2 to 11 years and 405 202 ICSR — in patients aged 12 to 17 years inclusive. During 2018  141 655 ICSR ADR of children in VigiBase was received. The most common reason for submitting reports on adverse effects in children was vaccines, antibiotics, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, analgesics-antipyretics, anti-acne and valproic acid. The most common side effects of drugs in children were the following ADR: hyperthermia, rash, vomiting, nausea, urticaria, diarrhea, itching, headache, erythema at injection site, convulsion. Separate data on 6 age groups about 10 most frequent ADR in children and  about 10 medicines which ICSR most often arrived in VigiBase for 50 years and for 2018  are given