EPS-betonielementtirakentaminen pientalokohteessa

Tässä opinnäytetyössä on tutkittu ja esitelty eps-betonielementtirakentamista. Työn tarkoituksena on antaa hyvä ja selkeä kuva kyseisestä rakentamismenetelmästä. Työn tutkimus vaiheessa on esitelty rakennuskohde ja laskettu siihen kus-tannusarvio ja aikataulu eps-betonielementtirakentamiseen. Opinnäytetyön tekeminen alkoi rakennuskohteen piirustuksia tutkimalla. Piirustuk-sista on tutkittu lähtötietoja ja niiden perusteella on kerätty tarvittavat tiedot työn tekemiseen. Opinnäytetyössä on esitetty myös kustannuksia ja elementtirakentamisen työturvallisuutta yleisesti. Suunnittelupiirustusten avulla on määritetty kohteen kustannukset ja eps-betonielementtiasennuksen aikataulu. Eps-betonielementtirakentamisella saavute-taan passiivitalon vaatimukset, hyvän U-arvon johdosta. Rakentaminen on nopeaa ja helppoa ja se voidaan suorittaa sääolosuhteista riippumatta. Pientenkin asioiden muuttaminen ja parantaminen voi mahdollistaa parempaan kokonaisuuteen ja onnistuneeseen rakentamiseen, niin valmistuksessa kuin työmaarakentamisessa.In this thesis EPS precast concrete construction is studied and presented. The pur-pose of this was to give a good and clear picture of this construction method. In the research phase the building project was presented and the cost estimate was calculated and schedule of EPS precast concrete construction was drawn up. The study itself started by learning the building project and studying the draw-ings. The information in the drawings was used as a basis for the thesis. The thesis also present the cost and safety of precast element construction in general. With the help of the design drawings the cost and EPS precast concrete installa-tion schedule were determined. EPS precast concrete construction meets a passive house standards because of its good U-value of the cord. Construction is quick and easy and can be done regardless of weather conditions. Even small changes and improvements may lead to a better result and the successful construction both in manufacturing and heavy construction

The role of nocturnal delivery and delivery during the holiday period in Finland on obstetric anal sphincter rupture rates- a population based observational study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Obstetric anal sphincter rupture (OASR) is a serious complication of delivery, which frequently results in faecal incontinence despite primary repair and has serious implications for women's health. The objective of this study was to assess whether human factors, workload and staffing at night, at weekends and during holidays has an effect on the increasing OASR rates among all singleton vaginal deliveries (n = 514,741) having occurred between 1997 and 2007 in Finland. Women (n = 2,849) with OASR were compared in terms of possible risk factors to women without OASR using stepwise logistic regression analysis.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>In Finland, the increase in OASR rate is striking, from 0.2% in 1997 to 0.9% in 2007. OASR rates varied from 0.49% to 0.58% (≤ 0.001) according to the time of day, and were lowest at night. After adjustment for patient-mix and the use of interventions, the risk of OASR was 11% lower (95% CI 3-18%) at night and 15% lower (95% CI 3-26%) in July - the main holiday month. Only 14% of the increased OASR risk during the day time (8-23.59) was attributable to vacuum assistance and birth weight, whereas the holiday period had no effect.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Decreased OASR rates at night and in July suggest that human factors such as decreased alertness due to fatigue or hospitals' administrative factors such as workload and staffing did not increase the rates of OASR.</p

Sensitivity of idealised baroclinic waves to mean atmospheric temperature and meridional temperature gradient changes

The sensitivity of idealised baroclinic waves to different atmospheric temperature changes is studied. The temperature changes are based on those which are expected to occur in the Northern Hemisphere with climate change: (1) uniform temperature increase, (2) decrease of the lower level meridional temperature gradient, and (3) increase of the upper level temperature gradient. Three sets of experiments are performed, first without atmospheric moisture, thus seeking to identify the underlying adiabatic mechanisms which drive the response of extra-tropical storms to changes in the environmental temperature. Then, similar experiments are performed in a more realistic, moist environment, using fixed initial relative humidity distribution. Warming the atmosphere uniformly tends to decrease the kinetic energy of the cyclone, which is linked both to a weaker capability of the storm to exploit the available potential energy of the zonal mean flow, and less efficient production of eddy kinetic energy in the wave. Unsurprisingly, the decrease of the lower level temperature gradient weakens the resulting cyclone regardless of the presence of moisture. The increase of the temperature gradient in the upper troposphere has a more complicated influence on the storm dynamics: in the dry atmosphere the maximum eddy kinetic energy decreases, whereas in the moist case it increases. Our analysis suggests that the slightly unexpected decrease of eddy kinetic energy in the dry case with an increased upper tropospheric temperature gradient originates from the weakening of the meridional heat flux by the eddy. However, in the more realistic moist case, the diabatic heating enhances the interaction between upper- and low-level potential vorticity anomalies and hence helps the surface cyclone to exploit the increased upper level baroclinicity.Peer reviewe

The characteristics and structure of extra-tropical cyclones in a warmer climate

Peer reviewe

Daily patient flow unevenness in different sized delivery hospitals - An 11-year register study of 610 227 deliveries

Peer reviewe

Busy day effect on intrapartum adverse maternal outcomes – A population-based study of 601 247 singleton deliveries

BackgroundThis was a retrospective population-based study, utilizing the data of 601 247 singleton hospital deliveries collected from the Finnish Medical Birth Register (MBR) in 2006-2016. The aim of this study was to analyse the busy day effect on intrapartum adverse maternal outcomes.MethodsTo implement the study design, daily delivery frequencies and ranges (min-max) for each delivery unit (n=26) were stratified to the daily delivery volume distributions by the delivery unit's annual delivery volume and profile: Category (C)1= 3000 and C5 the profile of university hospitals. To study the busy day effect, the quiet, optimal and busy days were defined by calculating the number of days (%) with the lowest and highest daily delivery frequencies and summed to the nearest 10% in each hospital category. Optimal days were determined by calculating approximately 80% of deliveries occurring between the lowest 10%, and highest 10% in each hospital category. Crude and adjusted odd ratios (ORs) with 99% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to analyze the busy day effect on adverse maternal outcomes, blood transfusions, manual removal of the placenta and obstetric anal sphincter injuries, separately in each hospital category.ResultsThe busy day effect was associated with the 28% (99% CI 8-52%) and 25% (99% CI 11-40%) increased need for blood transfusions in C2 and university hospitals (C5), respectively, whereas 22% (99% CI 10-31%) less blood transfusions were needed at university hospitals during quiet days. In C3 hospitals, 83% (99% CI 65-92%) less blood transfusions were needed during busy days. Obstetric and anal sphincter injury rates declined during quiet days by 22% (99% CI 3-38%) only in university hospitals.ConclusionsThe findings of this study identify no specific pattern to the busy day effect for adverse maternal outcomes defined as manual removal of the placenta or obstetric and anal sphincter injuries. However, both quiet and busy days seem to be associated with increased or decreased need for blood transfusions in different sized delivery units. Findings also suggest that quiet days are associated with a decreased number of obstetric and anal sphincter injuries.Peer reviewe

The extratropical transition of Hurricane Ophelia (2017) as diagnosed with a generalized omega equation and vorticity equation

Hurricane Ophelia was a category 3 hurricane which underwent extratropical transition and made landfall in Europe as an exceptionally strong post-tropical cyclone in October 2017. In Ireland, Ophelia was the worst storm in 50 years and resulted in significant damage and even loss of life. In this study, the different physical processes affecting Ophelia’s transformation from a hurricane to a mid-latitude cyclone are studied. For this purpose, we have developed software that uses OpenIFS model output and a system consisting of a generalized omega equation and vorticity equation. By using these two equations, the atmospheric vertical motion and vorticity tendency are separated into the contributions from different physical processes: vorticity advection, thermal advection, friction, diabatic heating, and the imbalance between the temperature and vorticity tendencies. Vorticity advection, which is often considered an important forcing for the development of mid-latitude cyclones, is shown to play a small role in the re-intensification of the low-level cyclone. Instead, our results show that the adiabatic upper-level forcing was strongly amplified by moist processes, and thus, the diabatic heating was the dominant forcing in both the tropical and extratropical phases of Ophelia. Furthermore, we calculated in more detail the diabatic heating contributions from different model parameterizations. We find that the temperature tendency due to the convection scheme was the dominant forcing for the vorticity tendency during the hurricane phase, but as Ophelia transformed into a mid-latitude cyclone, the microphysics temperature tendency, presumably dominated by large-scale condensation, gradually increased becoming the dominant forcing once the transition was complete. Temperature tendencies caused by other diabatic processes, such as radiation, surface processes, vertical diffusion, and gravity wave drag, were found to be negligible in the development of the storm.Hurricane Ophelia was a category 3 hurricane which underwent extratropical transition and made landfall in Europe as an exceptionally strong post-tropical cyclone in October 2017. In Ireland, Ophelia was the worst storm in 50 years and resulted in significant damage and even loss of life. In this study, the different physical processes affecting Ophelia's transformation from a hurricane to a mid-latitude cyclone are studied. For this purpose, we have developed software that uses OpenIFS model output and a system consisting of a generalized omega equation and vorticity equation. By using these two equations, the atmospheric vertical motion and vorticity tendency are separated into the contributions from different physical processes: vorticity advection, thermal advection, friction, diabatic heating, and the imbalance between the temperature and vorticity tendencies. Vorticity advection, which is often considered an important forcing for the development of mid-latitude cyclones, is shown to play a small role in the re-intensification of the low-level cyclone. Instead, our results show that the adiabatic upper-level forcing was strongly amplified by moist processes, and thus, the diabatic heating was the dominant forcing in both the tropical and extratropical phases of Ophelia. Furthermore, we calculated in more detail the diabatic heating contributions from different model parameterizations. We find that the temperature tendency due to the convection scheme was the dominant forcing for the vorticity tendency during the hurricane phase, but as Ophelia transformed into a mid-latitude cyclone, the microphysics temperature tendency, presumably dominated by large-scale condensation, gradually increased becoming the dominant forcing once the transition was complete. Temperature tendencies caused by other diabatic processes, such as radiation, surface processes, vertical diffusion, and gravity wave drag, were found to be negligible in the development of the storm.Peer reviewe