"Marketing digital como herramienta para aumentar ventas y mejorar el posicionamiento en el mercado"

En términos de desarrollo de las relaciones sociales entre las personas, la oportunidad de intercambiar información y el lograr posicionar marca en la mente de los consumidores, Internet ha llegado a desarrollar su máximo exponente en lo que se ha denominado “Web 2.0”. Esta es una segunda generación de servicios basados en la web que pone especial énfasis en la colaboración “online” y en la posibilidad de compartir información y contenidos entre varios usuarios. El auge de nuevos canales como Internet o el móvil han cambiado las reglas del juego en muchos sectores, no es la excepción en las empresas, trayendo consigo una autentica revolución. Con el desarrollo de la “Web 2.0”, el marketing ha hecho uso de sus herramientas para estar presente en Internet, lo que ha dado paso al desarrollo del Marketing Digital. El siguiente artículo se fundamenta en la importancia del uso del Marketing Digital como herramienta para lograr aumentar las ventas y lograr posicionamiento en el mercado.En términos de desarrollo de las relaciones sociales entre las personas, la oportunidad de intercambiar información y el lograr posicionar marca en la mente de los consumidores, Internet ha llegado a desarrollar su máximo exponente en lo que se ha denominado “Web 2.0”. Esta es una segunda generación de servicios basados en la web que pone especial énfasis en la colaboración “online” y en la posibilidad de compartir información y contenidos entre varios usuarios. El auge de nuevos canales como Internet o el móvil han cambiado las reglas del juego en muchos sectores, no es la excepción en las empresas, trayendo consigo una autentica revolución. Con el desarrollo de la “Web 2.0”, el marketing ha hecho uso de sus herramientas para estar presente en Internet, lo que ha dado paso al desarrollo del Marketing Digital. El siguiente artículo se fundamenta en la importancia del uso del Marketing Digital como herramienta para lograr aumentar las ventas y lograr posicionamiento en el mercado.Incluye bibliografí

Interaction of Eu-isotopes with saponite as a component of the engineered barrier

Bentonite is accepted as the best clay material in the engineered barrier of deep geological repositories (DGRs) for radioactive waste disposal. In recent years, the interactions between a wide range of rare-earth (REE) cations and smectites have been studied. A combined study of stable europium and radioactive isotopes is reported here. Saponite was subjected to hydrothermal reactions with stable and radioactive (152Eu) europium ions under subcritical conditions. The structural changes of saponite were evaluated by XRD and SEM. The effect of temperature and reaction time on the changes was quantified by measuring 152Eu through gamma spectrometry. The reaction between europium and saponite was a first-order reaction. The presence of Eu in the precipitate in an amount much higher than the cation exchange capacity of saponite confirmed participation of chemical reactions or surface adsorption in the europium immobilization, even at temperatures as low as 150°C. The reaction rate constant indicated that an 8- to 9-month period was needed for the completion, without significant changes, of the europium/saponite chemical reaction under the subcritical conditions of 200°C and 350°C.Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino 300/PC08/3-01.1Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica CTQ2010-1487

A new route of synthesis of Na-Mica-4 from sodalite

Synthesis of Na-Mica-4 has been achieved by a ``mix and calcine¿¿ method using sodalite and magnesium fluoride as the only precursors. Previous research found sodalite as a key intermediate reaction product in the formation of Na-Mica-4 when the NaCl melt method was employed. Similarities in structure, chemical composition and cation distribution in products using the proposed method and the NaCl melt method are described and suggest that Na-Mica-4 is a very stable product. The use of sodalite as precursor provokes microporous formation in the final mica. The absence of excess Na leads to a lower particle size and to the presence of less impurity in the calcined product. Different sodalites could be used in the synthesis of different Na-Mica-4 with presumably different physicochemical propertiesPeer Reviewe

Interaction of hydrated cations with mica-n (n = 2, 3 and 4) surface

High charged swelling micas, with layer charge between 2 and 4, have been found to readily swell with water, and complete cation exchange (CEC) can be achieved. Because of their high CEC, applications like radioactive cation fixation or removal of heavy metal cations from wastewater were proposed. Their applicability can be controlled by the location of the interlayer cation in a confined space with a high electric field. In synthetic brittle micas, the interlayer cation has a low water coordination number; therefore, their coordination sphere would be completed by the basal oxygen of the tetrahedral layer as inner-sphere complexes (ISC). However, no direct evidence of these complexes formation in brittle micas has been reported yet. In this contribution, we mainly focus on the understanding the mechanisms that provoke the formation of ISC in high charge swelling micas, Mica-n. A whole series of cations (X) were used to explore the influence of the charge and size of the interlayer cation. Three brittle swelling micas, Mica-n (n = 4, 3 and 2), were selected in order to analyze the influence of the layer charge in the formation of ISC. The contribution of the ISC has been analyzed thorough the evolution of the 060 reflection and the changes in the short-range order of the tetrahedral cations will be followed 29Si and 27Al MAS NMR. The results showed that ISC was favored in X-Mica-4 and that provoked a high distortion angle between the Si-Al tetrahedra. When the content of aluminum decreases, the electrostatic forces between the layers are relaxed, and the hydrated cations did not interact so strongly with the tetrahedral sheet, having the opportunity to complete their hydration sphere. © 2014 American Chemical Society.Peer Reviewe

Association between Physiological and Subjective Aspects of Pain and Disability in Post-Stroke Patients with Shoulder Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Patients often experience pain as a result of a stroke. However, the mechanism of this pain remains uncertain. Our aim was to investigate the relationship between pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and disability pain in patients with hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP). Methods: Twenty-six post-stroke patients (age 53.35 +/- 13.09 years) and healthy controls (54.35 +/- 12.37 years) participated. We investigated spontaneous shoulder pain, disability pain perception through the shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), and the PPTs over joint C5–C6, upper trapezius, deltoid, epicondyle, second metacarpal, and tibialis anterior, bilaterally. Results: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences in pain between groups (p < 0.001) and differences in the SPADI (p < 0.001) between groups but not between sides for PPTs over deltoid (group: p = 0.007; side: p = 0.750), epicondyle (group: p = 0.001; side: p = 0.848), and tibialis anterior (group: p < 0.001; side: p = 0.932). Pain in the affected arm was negatively associated with PPTs over the affected epicondyle (p = 0.003) and affected tibialis anterior (p = 0.009). Pain (SPADI) appeared negatively correlated with PPTs over the affected epicondyle (p = 0.047), and disability (SPADI) was negatively associated with PPTs over the affected tibialis anterior (p = 0.041). Conclusions: Post-stroke patients showed a relationship between widespread pressure pain hypersensitivity with lower PPT levels and pain disability perception, suggesting a central sensitization mediated by bilateral and symmetric pain patterns

Uranium immobilization by FEBEX bentonite and steel barriers in hydrothermal conditions

FEBEX clay is considered a reference material in engineered barriers for safe storage of nuclear waste and uranium is a minor component of high-level radioactive waste (HLRW) and a main component of the spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Here, the kinetics of reaction of uranium with FEBEX was investigated in addition to the uranium immobilisation ability and the structural analysis of the reaction products. Hydrothermal treatments were accomplished with UO22+ and tetravalent actinide simulator ZrO2+, also present in HLRW. The quantification of the reaction was performed through gamma spectrometry of uranium. Two mechanisms for UO22+ retention by FEBEX were detected: adsorption and formation of stable and insoluble new phases. The structural analyses performed using ZrO2+, confirmed the uranium adsorption and the presence of new phases, ZrO2 and Zr(SiO4), that emphasise the existence of a chemical reaction with the bentonite. The analysis of the velocity of reaction uranium-clay minerals revealed temperature dependence. An exponential fitting suggested that the removal of uranium from solution at temperatures over 200 °C could be completed in less than a year. For lower temperatures, several years are needed. Milliequivalents of UO22+ immobilised by the clay depended on temperature and time and were over cation exchange capacity (CEC) of FEBEX even at 100 °C (reaching 600% of CEC). The reaction with steel, also temperature dependent, was finally analysed. At 200 °C 40–70% of uranium reacted with steel. But only 30–15% reacted at 300 °C and 100 °C. The reactions provide a stable immobilisation mechanism for uranium even when its sorption and swelling capacities fail. Our experiments will be of particular interest for very deep borehole disposals were higher temperatures and pressures are expected.ENRESA 0079000121FEDER Junta de Andalucía P12-FQM-56

A new route of synthesis of Na-Mica-4 from sodalite

Synthesis of Na-Mica-4 has been achieved by a ``mix and calcine¿¿ method using sodalite and magnesium fluoride as the only precursors. Previous research found sodalite as a key intermediate reaction product in the formation of Na-Mica-4 when the NaCl melt method was employed. Similarities in structure, chemical composition and cation distribution in products using the proposed method and the NaCl melt method are described and suggest that Na-Mica-4 is a very stable product. The use of sodalite as precursor provokes microporous formation in the final mica. The absence of excess Na leads to a lower particle size and to the presence of less impurity in the calcined product. Different sodalites could be used in the synthesis of different Na-Mica-4 with presumably different physicochemical propertiesDirección General de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas CTQ2010-1487

Hydration properties of synthetic high-charge micas saturated with different cations: An experimental approach

An understanding of the interaction mechanisms between exchangeable cations and layered silicates is of interest from both a basic and an applied point of view. Among 2:1 phyllosilicates, a new family of swelling high-charge synthetic micas has been shown to be potentially useful as decontaminant. However, the location of the interlayer cations, their acidity and the water structure in the interlayer space of these silicates are still unknown. The aim of this paper was therefore to study the hydration state of the interlayer cations in the interlayer space of high-charge expandable micas and to evaluate the effect that this hydration has on the swelling and acidity behavior of these new materials. To achieve these objectives, three synthetic micas with different charge density total layer charges (ranging between 2 and 4 per unit cell) and with five interlayer cations (Na+, Li+, K+, Mg2+, and Al3+) were synthesized and their hydration state, interlayer space, and acidity analyzed by DTA/TG, XRD, and 1H MAS NMR spectroscopy. The results showed that the hydration state depends on both the layer charge and the nature of the interlayer cation. A high participation of the inner-sphere complexes in the highly charged confined space has been inferred and proposed to induce Brønsted acidity in the solid.Dirección General de Investigación Científica y Técnica CTQ2010-1487

New insights into surface-functionalized swelling high charged micas: Their adsorption performance for non-ionic organic pollutants

The major components of the wastewater from the petroleum refineries are benzene, toluene and phenol and one of the techniques applied to the treatment of effluents is sorption using organo-functionalized clay. The materials exploited in the present study are a family of surface-functionalized synthetic micas and their sorption capacities for non-ionic organic pollutants are analyzed. The organo-functionalization of their surface provides them the capacity to sorb effectively non-ionic pollutants in the interface. Their adsorption performance is a function of the alkylamonium properties such as the chain length, the mass fraction and the organization of the organic cation in the interlayer space of the micas.Junta de Andalucía FEDER P12-FQM-567Spanish State Program R+D +I oriented societal challenges FEDER MAT2015-63929-REl patrimonio autónomo fondo nacional de financiamiento para la ciencia, la tecnología y la innovación, Francisco José de Caldas FP44842-627-201

Entrevista de apego para niños (EAN): Estudio exploratorio de un nuevo instrumento de evaluación del apego en población infantil de 3 a 7 años

This study analizes the psychometric properties of a new instrument about the working model of children´s attachment. The sample was composed of 60 subjects (30 from normal  population and 30 from a social risk population). The age of children ranges from 3 to 7 years old. This instrument is an interview based on the completion story task, however it includes new contents as well as a new procedure in regarding to previous attachment measures. The findings show good validity and reliability. The found results are going to be the beginning of future studies.ResumenEl presente artículo analiza las propiedades psicométricas de un nuevo instrumento de evaluación de los modelos de representación deapego en niños. La muestra está constituida por un total de 60 sujetos de entre 3 y 7 años, 30 procedentes de población normativa y 30 de una población de riesgo psicosocial. El instrumento se administra con un formato de entrevista basado en la técnica del completamiento de historias pero incluye, respecto a instrumentos previos, elementos novedosos tanto en los contenidos que evalúa como en su metodología. Los resultados preliminares de esta medida indican índices adecuados de validez y fiabilidad, lo que supone un punto de partida prometedor y relevante para futuras investigaciones. Abstract This study analizes the psychometric properties of a new instrument about the working model of children´s attachment. The sample was composed of 60 subjects (30 from normal  population and 30 from a social risk population). The age of children ranges from 3 to 7 years old. This instrument is an interview based on the completion story task, however it includes new contents as well as a new procedure in regarding to previous attachment measures. The findings show good validity and reliability. The found results are going to be the beginning of future studies