2,495 research outputs found
SPRINT KAYAKER’S KINETIC ASYMMETRIES AT INCREASING STROKE RATES
Kinetic movement asymmetries are known to affect factors of performance, increase the likelihood of injury, and to decrease with increased cadences. The aim of this study was to determine if stroke rate affects asymmetry indexes (ASI) in the kayak ergometer footboards and seat. A significant main effect of stroke rate was found on footboard mediolateral total stroke cycle impulse (TSI) ASI (p\u3c0.005) where asymmetry index increased with stroke rate, footboard anteroposterior TSI ASI (p\u3c0.005) where an inverted U-shaped relationship was found with stroke rate, and footboard roll total stroke cycle angular impulse (TSAI) ASI (p\u3c0.001) where an inverted U-shaped relationship was found with stroke rate, and seat mediolateral TSI ASI (p\u3c0.05) where it decreased with stroke rate. The results of this study show that footboard and seat lateral forces counteract each other
FOOTBOARD AND SEAT KINETIC CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH STROKE RATE ON A KAYAK ERGOMETER
The purpose of this study was to determine if stroke rate effects anteroposterior, lateral, and vertical forces on the kayak’s footboard and seat. Participants (n=10), with a year or more of competitive kayaking experience, completed four 30-second trials on a kayak ergometer at different stroke rates (60 strokes per minute (spm), 80 spm, 100 spm, and maximum spm). Mean force, impulse, and impulse*stroke rate were identified for the footboards, and seat, separately within each trial (ten single strokes). Interestingly, both anteroposterior and lateral axes kinetic adaptations to stroke rate occurred on the left footboard whereas the right footboard presented only lateral adaptations
Medicago PhosphoProtein Database: a repository for Medicago truncatula phosphoprotein data
The ability of legume crops to fix atmospheric nitrogen via a symbiotic association with soil rhizobia makes them an essential component of many agricultural systems. Initiation of this symbiosis requires protein phosphorylation-mediated signaling in response to rhizobial signals named Nod factors. Medicago truncatula (Medicago) is the model system for studying legume biology, making the study of its phosphoproteome essential. Here, we describe the Medicago PhosphoProtein Database (MPPD; http://phospho.medicago.wisc.edu), a repository built to house phosphoprotein, phosphopeptide, and phosphosite data specific to Medicago. Currently, the MPPD holds 3,457 unique phosphopeptides that contain 3,404 non-redundant sites of phosphorylation on 829 proteins. Through the web-based interface, users are allowed to browse identified proteins or search for proteins of interest. Furthermore, we allow users to conduct BLAST searches of the database using both peptide sequences and phosphorylation motifs as queries. The data contained within the database are available for download to be investigated at the user’s discretion. The MPPD will be updated continually with novel phosphoprotein and phosphopeptide identifications, with the intent of constructing an unparalleled compendium of large-scale Medicago phosphorylation data
Spitzer Secondary Eclipses of the Dense, Modestly-irradiated, Giant Exoplanet HAT-P-20b Using Pixel-Level Decorrelation
HAT-P-20b is a giant exoplanet that orbits a metal-rich star. The planet
itself has a high total density, suggesting that it may also have a high
metallicity in its atmosphere. We analyze two eclipses of the planet in each of
the 3.6- and 4.5 micron bands of Warm Spitzer. These data exhibit intra-pixel
detector sensitivity fluctuations that were resistant to traditional
decorrelation methods. We have developed a simple, powerful, and radically
different method to correct the intra-pixel effect for Warm Spitzer data, which
we call pixel-level decorrelation (PLD). PLD corrects the intra-pixel effect
very effectively, but without explicitly using - or even measuring - the
fluctuations in the apparent position of the stellar image. We illustrate and
validate PLD using synthetic and real data, and comparing the results to
previous analyses. PLD can significantly reduce or eliminate red noise in
Spitzer secondary eclipse photometry, even for eclipses that have proven to be
intractable using other methods. Our successful PLD analysis of four HAT-P-20b
eclipses shows a best-fit blackbody temperature of 1134 +/-29K, indicating
inefficient longitudinal transfer of heat, but lacking evidence for strong
molecular absorption. We find sufficient evidence for variability in the 4.5
micron band that the eclipses should be monitored at that wavelength by
Spitzer, and this planet should be a high priority for JWST spectroscopy. All
four eclipses occur about 35 minutes after orbital phase 0.5, indicating a
slightly eccentric orbit. A joint fit of the eclipse and transit times with
extant RV data yields e(cos{omega}) = 0.01352 (+0.00054, -0.00057), and
establishes the small eccentricity of the orbit to high statistical confidence.
Given the existence of a bound stellar companion, HAT-P-20b is another
excellent candidate for orbital evolution via Kozai migration or other
three-body mechanism.Comment: version published in ApJ, minor text and figure revision
Randomized phase 2 trial of regadenoson for treatment of acute vaso-occlusive crises in sickle cell disease
Implementation of the QUBE Force Field in SOMD for High-Throughput Alchemical Free-Energy Calculations
Spitzer Secondary Eclipse Observations of Five Cool Gas Giant Planets and Empirical Trends in Cool Planet Emission Spectra
In this work we present Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5 micron secondary eclipse
observations of five new cool (<1200 K) transiting gas giant planets:
HAT-P-19b, WASP-6b, WASP-10b, WASP-39b, and WASP-67b. We compare our measured
eclipse depths to the predictions of a suite of atmosphere models and to
eclipse depths for planets with previously published observations in order to
constrain the temperature- and mass-dependent properties of gas giant planet
atmospheres. We find that the dayside emission spectra of planets less massive
than Jupiter require models with efficient circulation of energy to the night
side and/or increased albedos, while those with masses greater than that of
Jupiter are consistently best-matched by models with inefficient circulation
and low albedos. At these relatively low temperatures we expect the atmospheric
methane to CO ratio to vary as a function of metallicity, and we therefore use
our observations of these planets to constrain their atmospheric metallicities.
We find that the most massive planets have dayside emission spectra that are
best-matched by solar metallicity atmosphere models, but we are not able to
place strong constraints on metallicities of the smaller planets in our sample.
Interestingly, we find that the ratio of the 3.6 and 4.5 micron brightness
temperatures for these cool transiting planets is independent of planet
temperature, and instead exhibits a tentative correlation with planet mass. If
this trend can be confirmed, it would suggest that the shape of these planets'
emission spectra depends primarily on their masses, consistent with the
hypothesis that lower-mass planets are more likely to have metal-rich
atmospheres.Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
A sulfated carbohydrate epitope inhibits axon regeneration after injury
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) represent a major barrier to regenerating axons in the central nervous system (CNS), but the structural diversity of their polysaccharides has hampered efforts to dissect the structure-activity relationships underlying their physiological activity. By taking advantage of our ability to chemically synthesize specific oligosaccharides, we demonstrate that a sugar epitope on CSPGs, chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E), potently inhibits axon growth. Removal of the CS-E motif significantly attenuates the inhibitory activity of CSPGs on axon growth. Furthermore, CS-E functions as a protein recognition element to engage receptors including the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPσ, thereby triggering downstream pathways that inhibit axon growth. Finally, masking the CS-E motif using a CS-E-specific antibody reversed the inhibitory activity of CSPGs and stimulated axon regeneration in vivo. These results demonstrate that a specific sugar epitope within chondroitin sulfate polysaccharides can direct important physiological processes and provide new therapeutic strategies to regenerate axons after CNS injury
Glucose and lactate as metabolic constraints on presynaptic transmission at an excitatory synapse
The synapse has high energy demands, which increase during intense activity. Presynaptic ATP production depends on substrate availability and usage will increase during activity, which in turn could influence transmitter release and information transmission. We investigated transmitter release at the mouse calyx of Held synapse using glucose or lactate (10, 1 or 0 mm) as the extracellular substrates while inducing metabolic stress. High‐frequency stimulation (HFS) and recovery paradigms evoked trains of EPSCs monitored under voltage‐clamp. Whilst postsynaptic intracellular ATP was stabilised by diffusion from the patch pipette, depletion of glucose increased EPSC depression during HFS and impaired subsequent recovery. Computational modelling of these data demonstrated a reduction in the number of functional release sites and slowed vesicle pool replenishment during metabolic stress, with little change in release probability. Directly depleting presynaptic terminal ATP impaired transmitter release in an analogous manner to glucose depletion. In the absence of glucose, presynaptic terminal metabolism could utilise lactate from the aCSF and this was blocked by inhibition of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). MCT inhibitors significantly suppressed transmission in low glucose, implying that lactate is a presynaptic substrate. Additionally, block of glycogenolysis accelerated synaptic transmission failure in the absence of extracellular glucose, consistent with supplemental supply of lactate by local astrocytes. We conclude that both glucose and lactate support presynaptic metabolism and that limited availability, exacerbated by high‐intensity firing, constrains presynaptic ATP, impeding transmission through a reduction in functional presynaptic release sites as vesicle recycling slows when ATP levels are low
Reverse Shock Emission Revealed in Early Photometry in the Candidate Short GRB 180418A
We present observations of the possible short GRB 180418A in -rays,
X-rays, and in the optical. Early optical photometry with the TAROT and RATIR
instruments show a bright peak ( 14.2 AB mag) between and
seconds that we interpret as the signature of a reversal shock. Later
observations can be modeled by a standard forward shock model and show no
evidence of jet break, allowing us to constrain the jet collimation to
. Using deep late-time optical observations we place an
upper limit of AB mag on any underlying host galaxy. The detection of
the afterglow in the \textit{Swift} UV filters constrains the GRB redshift to
and places an upper bound on the -ray isotropic equivalent
energy erg.
The properties of this GRB (e.g. duration, hardness ratio, energetic, and
environment) lie at the intersection between short and long bursts, and we can
not conclusively identify its type. We estimate that the probability that it is
drawn from the population of short GRBs is 10\%-30\%.Comment: Accepted por publication in Ap
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