Energy and Q^2 dependence of elastic vectormeson production and the proton structure function F_2

In the framework of the Model of the Stochastic Vacuum elastic hadron-hadron scattering, photo- and electroproduction of vectormesons and also F_2(Q^2) can be well described at center of mass energy approximately 20 GeV. The scattering amplitude is derived by smearing the color dipole-dipole scattering, which is calculated nonperturbatively in the Model of the Stochastic Vacuum, with appropriate wavefunctions. For the considered processes the dipoles have extensions in the range of hadron sizes. We now extend this idea to small dipoles and high energies. The energy dependence is modeled in a phenomenological way: we assume that there a two pomerons, the soft- and the hard-pomeron, each being a simple pole in the complex angular plane. We couple dipoles of hadronic size to the soft-pomeron and small dipoles to the hard-pomeron. For small dipoles we take the perturbative gluon exchange into account. By that way we obtain an energy dependent dipole-dipole scattering amplitude which can be used for all the processes with the same parameters. We show that this approach can describe in addition to all the low energy results (20 GeV) also the HERA data for the considered processes in a large energy and Q^2 range. Especially the right transition from the soft to the hard behavior is observed.Comment: 28 pages, LaTex2e, uses graphicx package for eps-figure

Linguistic Distance between Erzya and Moksha. Dependent Morphology

The purpose of this article is to outline morphological facts about the two literary languages Erzya and Moksha, which can be used for estimating the distinctive character of these individual language forms. Whereas earlier morphological evaluations of the linguistic distance between Erzya and Moksha have placed them in the area of 90% cohesion, this one does not. This study evaluates the languages on the basis of non-ambiguity, parallel sets of ambiguity and divergent ambiguity. Non-ambiguity is found in combinatory function to morphological formant alignment, e.g. молян go+V+Ind+Prs+ScSg1. Parallel sets of ambiguity is found in combinatory-function set to morphological formant alignment where both languages share the same sets of ambiguous readings, e.g. саизь v s сявозь take+V+Ind+ScPl3+OcSg3, ScPl3+OcPl3. Divergent ambiguity is found in forms with non- symmetric alignments of combinatory functions, e.g. саинек take+V+Ind+Prt1+ScPl1, +Prt1+ScPl1+OcSg3, +Prt1+ScPl1+OcPl3 vs сявоме take+V+Ind+Prt1+ScPl1, сявоськ take+V+Ind+Prt1+ScPl1+OcSg3, +Prt1+ScPl1+OcPl3. This morphological evaluation will establish the preparatory work in syntactic disambiguation necessary for facilitating Erzya↔Moksha machine translation, whereas machine translation will enhance the usage of mutual language resources. Results show that the Erzya and Moksha languages, in the absence of loan words from the 20 th century, share less than 50% of their vocabularies, 63% of their regular nominal declensions and 48% of their regular finite conjugations.Peer reviewe

Description of elastic vectormeson production and F_2 by two pomerons

Using the Model of the Stochastic Vacuum many diffractive processes have been calculated by investigating the dipole-dipole scattering at a cm-energy of 20 GeV. In this work we extend the calculation to larger energies and small dipoles. We assume that there are two pomerons, the hard- and the soft-pomeron, which cause the different energy dependence for processes dominated by small or large dipoles. The physical processes are obtained by smearing the dipole-dipole amplitude with wavefunctions. For small dipoles the leading perturbative contribution is taken into account. By that way we can describe in addition to the already calculated low energy results (20 GeV) also the HERA data for the considered processes in nearly the whole energy and Q^2 range.Comment: LaTeX2e, 4pp, espcrc2mod.sty (appended, espcrc2 with corrected error), graphicx.sty, 17 eps-figures. Talk presented at QCD98, Montpellier, France (Nucl.Phys.B Proc.Suppl.

Towards an open-source universal-dependency treebank for Erzya

This article describes the first steps towards a open-source dependency tree- bank for Erzya based on universal dependency (UD) annotation standards. The treebank contains 610 sentences with 6661 tokens and is based on texts from a range of open-source and public domain original Erzya sources. This ensures its free availability and extensibility. Texts in the treebank are first morphologically analyzed and disambiguated after which they are annotated manually for depen- dency structure. In the article we present some issues in dependency syntax for Erzya and how they are analyzed in the universal-dependency framework. Pre- liminary statistics are given for dependency parsing of Erzya, along with points of interest for future research.Peer reviewe

Transforming Archived Resources with Language Technology : From Manuscripts to Language Documentation

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)Transcriptions in different languages are a ubiquitous data format in linguistics and in many other fields in the humanities. However, the majority of these resources remain both under-used and under-studied. This may be the case even when the materials have been published in print, but is certainly the case for the majority of unpublished transcriptions. Our paper presents a workflow adapted in the research project Language Documentation Meets Language Technology, which combines text recognition, automatic transliteration and forced alignment into a process which allows us to convert earlier transcribed documents to a structure that is comparable with contemporary language documentation corpora. This has complex practical and methodological considerations.Peer reviewe

Transforming Archived Resources with Language Technology : From Manuscripts to Language Documentation

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)Transcriptions in different languages are a ubiquitous data format in linguistics and in many other fields in the humanities. However, the majority of these resources remain both under-used and under-studied. This may be the case even when the materials have been published in print, but is certainly the case for the majority of unpublished transcriptions. Our paper presents a workflow adapted in the research project Language Documentation Meets Language Technology, which combines text recognition, automatic transliteration and forced alignment into a process which allows us to convert earlier transcribed documents to a structure that is comparable with contemporary language documentation corpora. This has complex practical and methodological considerations.Peer reviewe

Options for accounting carbon sequestration in German forests

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Accra climate change talks held from 21–27 August 2008 in Accra, Ghana, were part of an ongoing series of meetings leading up to the Copenhagen meeting in December 2009. During the meeting a set of options for accounting carbon sequestration in forestry on a post-2012 framework was presented. The options include gross-net and net-net accounting and approaches for establishing baselines.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>This article demonstrates the embedded consequences of Accra Accounting Options for the case study of German national GHG accounting. It presents the most current assessment of sequestration rates by forest management for the period 1990 – 2007, provides an outlook of future emissions and removals (up to the year 2042) as related to three different management scenarios, and shows that implementation of some Accra options may reverse sources to sinks, or sinks to sources.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results of the study highlight the importance of elaborating an accounting system that would prioritize the climate convention goals, not national preferences.</p