A Genetic Locus Regulates the Expression of Tissue-Specific mRNAs from Multiple Transcription Units

129 GIX- mice, unlike animals of the congeneic partner strain GIX+, do not express significant amounts of the retroviral antigens gp70 and p30. Evidence is presented indicating that the GIX phenotype is specified by a distinct regulatory gene acting on multiple transcription units to control the levels of accumulation of specific mRNA species. The steady-state levels of retroviral-homologous mRNA from the tissues of GIX+ and GIX- mice were examined by blot hybridization using as probes DNA fragments from cloned murine leukemia viruses. RNA potentially encoding viral antigens was reduced or absent in GIX- mice, even though no differences in integrated viral genomes were detected between these congeneic strains by DNA blotting. Tissue-specific patterns of accumulation of these RNA species were detected in brain, epididymis, liver, spleen, and thymus, and several distinct RNA species were found to be coordinately regulated with the GIX phenotype. Measurements of RNA synthesis suggest a major role for transcriptional control in the regulation of some retroviral messages

Impact of bidirectional relationships between streptococcus anginosus group and host tissue matrix components on cellular activity: Role in establishment of infection

This paper investigates pathogenic mechanisms of the Streptococcus anginosus group (SAG) of bacteria which influence the biological activity of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells, endothelial cells and also how matrix proteins produced by these host cells influence bacterial virulence factors. Isolates of SAG species, designated S. anginosus, S. constellatus and S. intermedius, were derived from healthy commensal and clinical pathogenic infection sites. SAG culture supernatants contained multiple protein components which differed between isolates. All SAG supernatants increased cellular proliferation and decreased decorin synthesis and collagen assembly by PDL cells and reduced endothelial cell migration. SAG isolates responded differently to extracellular matrix (ECM) components synthesised by PDL cells, but there was an overall notable increase in hydrolytic enzyme activity and in the production of the cytotoxin intermedilysin by S. intermedius. Collectively, the results indicate that both commensal and pathogenic SAG isolates were capable of impairing the ability of PDL cells and endothelial cells to make functional vascularised tissue. Reduced decorin synthesis is likely to have a major impact on cell signalling, angiogenesis and matrix assembly. Furthermore, ECM components produced by PDL cells were differentially capable of moderately increasing SAG enzymic activity, leading to subtle ECM modifications. The impact this bidirectional effect has on the tissue remodelling process is discussed

What do mathematicians think about their journals? peer reviewquality tops list of stated issues

Cameron Neylon (Curtin University), David Michael Roberts (University of Adelaide) and Mark C Wilson (University of Auckland) have conducted a large-scale survey of what mathematicians think of their scholarly publishing options and what improvements are required. Covering topics like open access, peer review and editorial processes, the survey findings reveal some fascinating insights into the scholarly communication system as it currently stands and what changes could be made to make it better

Your Place in Space: Classroom Experiment on Spatial Location Theory

The authors detail an urban economics experiment that is easily run in the classroom. The experiment has a flexible design that allows the instructor to explore how congestion, zoning, public transportation, and taxation levels determine the bid-rent function. Heterogeneous agents in the experiment compete for land use utilizing a simple auction mechanism. Using the data that is collected, a bid-rent function is derived, and the experimental treatment is altered over the course of three sessions to uncover core concepts in urban economics. Moreover, this provides a tangible experience that can be used to help undergraduates relate to urban issues such as the steep rent gradient found around many larger colleges and universities.

Proportional Consistency of Apportionment Methods

We analyze a little-known property of apportionment methods that captures how allocations scale with the size of the house: specifically, if, for a fixed population distribution, the house size and allocation can be scaled down within the set of integers, then the apportionment should be correspondingly scaled down. Balinski and Young (2001) include this property among the minimal requirements for a "reasonable" apportionment method. We argue that this property is better understood as a consistency requirement since quota-based apportionments that are "less proportional" meet this requirement while others that are "more proportional" do not. We also show that the family of quotatone methods based on stationary divisors (including the quota method) do not satisfy this property

Investigating External Examining for Marketing

Abstract: This project seeks to examine matters related to the appointment, role and impact of External Examiners for marketing components of business programmes at UK HEIs. It is investigating issues such as institutional policies and processes for and about EEs including doctrine, expected duties, training and relationship management. Parallel to this, the viewpoint of External Examiners themselves is being considered. Attention is being given to their motivations, expectations and reflections based on their experiences before, during and after appointment on topics including assessment, programme coherence and structure, plagiarism and comparability with their own programmes.Peer reviewe

Transcriptional repression by ApiAP2 factors is central to chronic toxoplasmosis

Tachyzoite to bradyzoite development in Toxoplasma is marked by major changes in gene expression resulting in a parasite that expresses a new repertoire of surface antigens hidden inside a modified parasitophorous vacuole called the tissue cyst. The factors that control this important life cycle transition are not well understood. Here we describe an important transcriptional repressor mechanism controlling bradyzoite differentiation that operates in the tachyzoite stage. The ApiAP2 factor, AP2IV-4, is a nuclear factor dynamically expressed in late S phase through mitosis/cytokinesis of the tachyzoite cell cycle. Remarkably, deletion of the AP2IV-4 locus resulted in the expression of a subset of bradyzoite-specific proteins in replicating tachyzoites that included tissue cyst wall components BPK1, MCP4, CST1 and the surface antigen SRS9. In the murine animal model, the mis-timing of bradyzoite antigens in tachyzoites lacking AP2IV-4 caused a potent inflammatory monocyte immune response that effectively eliminated this parasite and prevented tissue cyst formation in mouse brain tissue. Altogether, these results indicate that suppression of bradyzoite antigens by AP2IV-4 during acute infection is required for Toxoplasma to successfully establish a chronic infection in the immune-competent host