Toward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

Louisa Degenhardt and colleagues report an international survey of 17 countries that finds clear differences in drug use across different regions of the world

30 Modelaje Gravimétrico del Basamento de la Cuenca de Los Palos Grandes

平成11年～平成12年科学研究費補助金　基盤研究（Ｂ）（2）研究成果報告書（課題番号：11694178

Transporte de água em tufos de lapilli da Ilha da Madeira, Portugal: implicações nos mecanismos de degradaçâo e na durabilidade

Trabajo presentado en el 16º Congresso Nacional de Geotecnia, celebrado en Açores (Portugal), del 27 al 30 de mayo de 2018[EN] Lapilli tuff has been widely used in architectural heritage as construction material and ornamental stone in Madeira. Some of its quarries have been depleted, its exploitation was forbidden decades ago and stocks of the original quarries are getting increasingly scarce. The present study investigates the coupled effect of pore structure, PS, and water transport properties, WTP, on its decay. Urban fieldwork was conducted in order to identify common stone damage mechanisms, and salt weathering was found to be the most common. 36 cylindrical specimens of two representative facies, belonging to two distinct volcanostratigraphic units with different textural characteristics were studied: a highly porous and a porous facies. Petrographic features and mineralogical composition were analysed. PS properties were quantified by effective porosity, mean pore radius and water saturation coefficient, whilst WTP were described through permeability and capillarity. Sharp Front analysis was applied to model liquid transport in unsaturated conditions. Salt durability test was performed on the same specimens and its effects were quantified by means of the percentage of dry weight loss, DWL, due to salt crystallisation. The results of PS, WTP and DWL, were analysed through advanced statistical methods. Urban fieldwork and laboratory experiments demonstrated that the most significant parameters affecting durability of lapilli tuff are porosity, mean pore radius, rock components distribution and its inadequate use. Major deterioration problems observed were related to the presence of small constructions that act as water reservoir. The principal component analysis revealed that there is a negative correlation between WTP and DWL. As WTP are intimately linked to pore space, these petrophysical parameters can be considered as quality indicators of lapilli stone durability. Powerful model for estimating permeability from capillarity is presented. It is the first time that this kind of model gives a high correlation coefficient (R²=0.9822) in highly heterogeneous rocks.[PT] Os tufos de lapilli têm sido utilizados no património arquitetónico na Madeira como materiais de construção e rochas ornamentais. Algumas pedreiras têm-se esgotado, a sua exploração foi proibida há décadas e as existências nas pedreiras originais são escassas. Este estudo investiga o efeito simultâneo da estrutura do poro, EP, e das propriedades de transporte da água, PTA, na sua alteração. A partir duma campanha de campo urbana, identificou-se a precipitação de sais como um dos mecanismos de alteração mais comuns. De seguida foram estudados, 36 provetes cilíndricos de duas fácies representativas, pertencentes a duas unidades vulcano-estratigráficas diferentes, com características texturais distintas: altamente porosa e porosa. As características petrográficas e a composição mineralógica foram estudadas. A EP foi quantificada mediante porosidade aberta, radio medio do poro e coeficiente de absorção de água. As PTA foram caracterizadas mediante permeabilidade e capilaridade. Nesta última, foi aplicada a análise Sharp Front para modelizar o transporte do líquido. Sobre os mesmos provetes realizou-se a determinação da resistência à cristalização de sais, quantificada pela percentagem da perda de massa inicial, PMS. Os resultados de EP, PTA e PMS foram analisados utilizando métodos estatísticos avançados. A campanha de campo e as experiencias de laboratório demostraram que os parâmetros significativos que afeitam a durabilidade são a porosidade, o radio medio do poro, a distribuição dos componentes da rocha e o seu uso inadequado. As principais alterações observadas relacionam-se com pequenas construções que atuam como reservatório de água. As análises dos componentes principais revelaram uma correlação negativa entre as PTA e a PMS. Devido à relação existente entre as PTA e o espaço poroso, estes parâmetros podem ser utilizados como indicadores da durabilidade. Um modelo para estimar a permeabilidade a partir da capilaridade com um coeficiente alto (R²=0.9822) é presentado pela primeira vez em rocas heterogéneas.Peer reviewe

Social inequalities in mental health: results from the EU contribution to the World Mental Health Surveys Initiative.

PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to provide updated data from nine European countries about the impact of social inequalities in the prevalence of common mental disorders. METHODS: Cross-sectional household survey of a representative sample of the adult general population of Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Portugal, Romania and Spain. In total, 34,395 individuals were included. Social inequalities in 12-month mood, anxiety and alcohol-related disorders were evaluated. RESULTS: In Europe, income seems not to be related to the prevalence of mental disorders. Unemployment and disablement are associated with mental disorders. Lower educational level augments the risk for mood disorders. Living in small (rural) areas decreases the risk for mood disorders and living in urban settings increases it. Northern Ireland, Portugal and Belgium are the countries with the highest risks for mental disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Despite some contradictions with previous literature, in Europe there are social inequalities in the prevalence of mental disorders. However, income showed not to be associated with inequalities in mental health. Being younger, unemployed or disabled, with no education or incomplete primary studies, living in urban settings, and in Northern Ireland, Portugal or Belgium were associated to an augmented prevalence of mental disorders. Policy makers could focus on mental health promotion and mental disorders prevention programmes for risk groups such as unemployed/disabled individuals. Support to vulnerable groups (unemployed or those with less education) and mental health literacy can improve European citizens' mental health

The mental component of the short-form 12 health survey (SF-12) as a measure of depressive disorders in the general population: results with three alternative scoring methods

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of the Mental Component of the Short-Form 12 Health Survey, Version 1(SF-12v1), as a screening measure of depressive disorders. METHODS: Data come from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), a cross-sectional survey carried out on representative samples of 21,425 individuals from the noninstitutionalized adult general population of six European countries (response rate = 61.2%). The SF-12 was administered and scored according to three algorithms: the "original" method (mental component summary of SF-12 [MCS-12]), the RAND-12 (RAND-12 Mental Health Composite [RAND-12 MHC]), and the Bidemensional Response Process Model 12 mental health score (BRP-12 MHS), based on a two-factor Item Response Theory graded response model. Thirty-day and 12-month depressive disorders (major depressive episode or dysthymia) were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 3.0, by using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria. Receiver operating characteristic curves analysis was carried out, and optimal cutoff points maximizing balance between sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) were chosen for the three methods. RESULTS: Prevalence of 30-day and 12-month depressive disorders in the overall sample was 1.5% and 4.4%, respectively. The area under the curve for 30-day depressive disorders was 0.92, and it decreased to 0.85 for 12-month disorders, regardless of the scoring method. Optimal cutoff for 30-day depressive disorders was 45.6 (SN = 0.86; SP = 0.88) for the MCS-12, 44.5 for the RAND-12 MHC (SN = 0.87, SP = 0.86), and 40.2 for the BRP-12 MHS (SN = 0.87, SP = 0.87). The selected 12-month cutoffs for MCS-12 and RAND-12 MHC were between 4.2 and 5.8 points below the general population means of each country, with SN range 0.67 to 0.78 and SP range 0.77 to 0.87.CONCLUSIONS: The SF-12 yielded acceptable results for detecting both active and recent depressive disorders in general population samples, suggesting that the questionnaire could be used as a useful screening tool for monitoring the prevalence of affective disorders and for targeting treatment and prevention

The mental component of the short-form 12 health survey (SF-12) as a measure of depressive disorders in the general population: results with three alternative scoring methods

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the performance of the Mental Component of the Short-Form 12 Health Survey, Version 1(SF-12v1), as a screening measure of depressive disorders. METHODS: Data come from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), a cross-sectional survey carried out on representative samples of 21,425 individuals from the noninstitutionalized adult general population of six European countries (response rate = 61.2%). The SF-12 was administered and scored according to three algorithms: the "original" method (mental component summary of SF-12 [MCS-12]), the RAND-12 (RAND-12 Mental Health Composite [RAND-12 MHC]), and the Bidemensional Response Process Model 12 mental health score (BRP-12 MHS), based on a two-factor Item Response Theory graded response model. Thirty-day and 12-month depressive disorders (major depressive episode or dysthymia) were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 3.0, by using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria. Receiver operating characteristic curves analysis was carried out, and optimal cutoff points maximizing balance between sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) were chosen for the three methods. RESULTS: Prevalence of 30-day and 12-month depressive disorders in the overall sample was 1.5% and 4.4%, respectively. The area under the curve for 30-day depressive disorders was 0.92, and it decreased to 0.85 for 12-month disorders, regardless of the scoring method. Optimal cutoff for 30-day depressive disorders was 45.6 (SN = 0.86; SP = 0.88) for the MCS-12, 44.5 for the RAND-12 MHC (SN = 0.87, SP = 0.86), and 40.2 for the BRP-12 MHS (SN = 0.87, SP = 0.87). The selected 12-month cutoffs for MCS-12 and RAND-12 MHC were between 4.2 and 5.8 points below the general population means of each country, with SN range 0.67 to 0.78 and SP range 0.77 to 0.87.CONCLUSIONS: The SF-12 yielded acceptable results for detecting both active and recent depressive disorders in general population samples, suggesting that the questionnaire could be used as a useful screening tool for monitoring the prevalence of affective disorders and for targeting treatment and prevention

AOO of Drug Use among Those Reporting Any Use by Country

<p>Note: Where lines are not presented for an individual country, either there was no assessment of the AOO of that drug, or fewer than 30 persons reported having used the drug (see <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141#pmed-0050141-t002" target="_blank">Tables 2</a> and <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141#pmed-0050141-t005" target="_blank">5</a>).</p