Effects of enramycin and sodium monensin on nutrients digestibility in bovine fed with high-concentrate diets

Estudaram-se os efeitos da administração de enramicina e monensina sódica sobre a digestão total dos nutrientes da dieta e o consumo de matéria seca digestível em bovinos. Doze fêmeas bovinas não-gestantes e não-lactantes (675 ± 63 kg PV) foram distribuídas inteiramente ao acaso em três tratamentos (controle, enramicina e monensina) e alimentados com dieta contendo 60% de concentrados (milho, farelo de soja e minerais) e 40% de volumoso (cana-de-açúcar). A enramicina foi administrada na dose de 20 mg/animal/dia e a monensina na dose de 300 mg/animal/dia. O experimento teve duração total de 21 dias, de modo que os últimos dez dias foram utilizados para administração do marcador externo (15 g de óxido crômico/animal/dia) e os últimos cinco dias para a coleta de fezes e amostragem dos alimentos. Nenhum dos antibióticos alterou os consumos de matéria seca digestível e NDT e a digestibilidade de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente ácido, fibra em detergente neutro, amido, energia bruta e nutrientes digestíveis totais.The objective of this trial was to study the effects of enramycin and sodium monensin administration on total digestibility of diet nutrients and digestible dry matter intake in bovine. Twelve non-pregnant and non-lactating cows (675 kg ± 63 BW) were randomly assigned to three treatments: control group, enramycin-treated group or monensin-treated group. Animals received a diet containing 60% of concentrates (corn, soy bean meal and minerals) and 40% of forage (sugarcane). Treatments were 20 mg/animal/day of enramycin or 300 mg/animal/day of monensin. Trial lasted 21 days, the last 10 used for external marker administration (15 g of chromic oxide/animal/day) and the last 5 for feces collection and feed sampling. None of the antibiotics affected digestible dry matter and TDN intake and the digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, starch, gross energy or total digestible nutrients

Effects of enramycin and sodium monensin on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation and alimentary behavior in bovine fed high-concentrate diets

Estudaram-se os efeitos da administração de enramicina e monensina sódica no consumo de matéria seca (MS), na fermentação ruminal e no comportamento alimentar de bovinos. Doze fêmeas bovinas não-gestantes e não-lactantes (675 ± 63 kg PC) foram distribuídas inteiramente ao acaso em três tratamentos, formados por um grupo controle, um grupo tratado com enramicina e outro tratado com monensina. Os animais foram alimentados com dieta contendo 60% de concentrado (milho, farelo de soja e minerais) e 40% de volumoso (cana-de-açúcar). A enramicina foi administrada na dose de 20 mg/animal/dia e a monensina na dose de 300 mg/animal/dia. O experimento teve duração total de 21 dias, de modo que o 21º dia foi utilizado para coleta de líquido ruminal, realizada às 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 e 12 horas após a primeira refeição. A monensina aumentou a concentração total de AGV 12 horas após a alimentação, em relação aos demais tratamentos, e diminuiu a relação acético:propiônico nos tempo 0 e 6 horas, em relação à enramicina, mas não em relação ao controle. Nenhum dos antibióticos testados alterou a proporção molar dos ácidos acético, propiônico ou butírico nem o pH e a concentração ruminal de nitrogênio amoniacal. Os antibióticos também não alteraram o consumo de MS ou o comportamento ingestivo, avaliado nas atividades de alimentação, ruminação e ócio.The objective of this research was to study the effects of enramycin and sodium monensin administration on dry matter intake, ruminal fermentation and alimentary behavior in bovine. Twelve non-pregnant and non-lactating cows (675 kg ± 63 of BW) were randomly assigned to three treatments: control group, enramycin treated group or monensin treated group. Animals received a diet containing 60% of concentrates (corn, soybean meal and minerals) and 40% of forage (sugarcane). Treatments were 20 mg/animal/day of enramycin and 300 mg/animal/day of monensin. Trial lasted 21 days, and at the 21st was used for ruminal fluid sampling at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours after 1st meal. Monensin increased total VFA concentration 12 h after feeding in relation to others treatments and decreased the acetic:propionic ratio at times 0 and 6 h, in relation to enramycin, but not when compared to control. The two ionophores tested did not influence the molar proportion of acetic, propionic or butyric acids, pH, ammoniacal-N concentration, or DM intake and intake behavior, evaluated during activities of feeding, rumination and idleness

Creating Calibration Curves to Determine Shock Pressure in Clinopyroxene

Impact cratering is an important geological process that occurs on every rocky body in the solar system. It alters the texture and mineralogy of rocks via shock metamorphism. The peak shock pressures experienced by a rock are traditionally evaluated using qualitative optical methods however, quantitative methods do exist. One such method was developed by Uchizono et al., who used X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to measure lattice strain () in several artificially shocked olivine grains using XRD peak broadening as a function of tan , where is the diffraction angle. They plotted the values against the known peak shock pressures experienced by the olivine grains. Using this calibration curve, the precise shock pressure experienced by a grain of olivine can be determined using its measured value. Another method was developed by McCausland et al. and Izawa et al., who used in situ XRD to measure strain-related mosaicity (SRM) of olivine in several ordinary chondrites and enstatite in enstatite chondrites, respectively. They plotted these results against the shock stage estimates for these meteorites. Using these plots, meteorites can be assigned to shock stage bins by measuring the SRM of olivine and/or enstatite. Both methods are useful for evaluating shock metamorphism, however, they have limitations. Uchizono et al.s calibration curve has been successfully applied to martian meteorites, however it can only be applied to olivine-bearing rocks. McCausland et al.s and Izawa et al.s SRM method is uncalibrated and is limited to binning meteorites by shock stage. This work aims to expand on both methods by creating calibration curves for clinopyroxene (CPX): one for , similar to Uchizono et al.s calibration curve for olivine, and one for SRM. This will extend the application of shock calibration methods to a greater variety of rock types. Preliminary results are presented herein

The IOC consensus statement: Beyond the female athlete triad-Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S)

Protecting the health of the athlete is a goal of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC convened an expert panel to update the 2005 IOC Consensus Statement on the Female Athlete Triad. This Consensus Statement replaces the previous and provides guidelines to guide risk assessment, treatment and return-to-play decisions. The IOC expert working group introduces a broader, more comprehensive term for the condition previously known as ‘Female Athlete Triad’. The term ‘Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport’ (RED-S), points to the complexity involved and the fact that male athletes are also affected. The syndrome of RED-S refers to impaired physiological function including, but not limited to, metabolic rate, menstrual function, bone health, immunity, protein synthesis, cardiovascular health caused by relative energy deficiency. The cause of this syndrome is energy deficiency relative to the balance between dietary energy intake and energy expenditure required for health and activities of daily living, growth and sporting activities. Psychological consequences can either precede RED-S or be the result of RED-S. The clinical phenomenon is not a ‘triad’ of the three entities of energy availability, menstrual function and bone health, but rather a syndrome that affects many aspects of physiological function, health and athletic performance. This Consensus Statement also recommends practical clinical models for the management of affected athletes. The ‘Sport Risk Assessment and Return to Play Model’ categorises the syndrome into three groups and translates these classifications into clinical recommendations

Dickkopf-related protein 1 (Dkk1) regulates the accumulation and function of myeloid derived suppressor cells in cancer

Tumor–stroma interactions contribute to tumorigenesis. Tumor cells can educate the stroma at primary and distant sites to facilitate the recruitment of heterogeneous populations of immature myeloid cells, known as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs suppress T cell responses and promote tumor proliferation. One outstanding question is how the local and distant stroma modulate MDSCs during tumor progression. Down-regulation of β-catenin is critical for MDSC accumulation and immune suppressive functions in mice and humans. Here, we demonstrate that stroma-derived Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) targets β-catenin in MDSCs, thus exerting immune suppressive effects during tumor progression. Mice bearing extraskeletal tumors show significantly elevated levels of Dkk1 in bone microenvironment relative to tumor site. Strikingly, Dkk1 neutralization decreases tumor growth and MDSC numbers by rescuing β-catenin in these cells and restores T cell recruitment at the tumor site. Recombinant Dkk1 suppresses β-catenin target genes in MDSCs from mice and humans and anti-Dkk1 loses its antitumor effects in mice lacking β-catenin in myeloid cells or after depletion of MDSCs, demonstrating that Dkk1 directly targets MDSCs. Furthermore, we find a correlation between CD15(+) myeloid cells and Dkk1 in pancreatic cancer patients. We establish a novel immunomodulatory role for Dkk1 in regulating tumor-induced immune suppression via targeting β-catenin in MDSCs

Early diagnosis of bladder cancer by photoacoustic imaging of tumor-targeted gold nanorods

Detection and removal of bladder cancer lesions at an early stage is crucial for preventing tumor relapse and progression. This study aimed to develop a new technological platform for the visualization of small and flat urothelial lesions of high-grade bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS). We found that the integrin alpha 581, overexpressed in bladder cancer cell lines, murine orthotopic bladder cancer and human bladder CIS, can be exploited as a receptor for targeted delivery of GNRs functionalized with the cyclic CphgisoDGRG peptide (Iso4). The GNRs@Chit-Iso4 was stable in urine and selectively recognized alpha 581 positive neoplastic urothelium, while low frequency ultrasound-assisted shaking of intravesically instilled GNRs@Chit-Iso4 allowed the distribution of nanoparticles across the entire volume of the bladder. Photoacoustic imaging of GNRs@Chit-Iso4 bound to tumor cells allowed for the detection of neoplastic lesions smaller than 0.5 mm that were undetectable by ultrasound imaging and bioluminescence

Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica:: estratégicas utilizadas em dois estados nordestinos

OBJETIVO: Analisar a utilização das dimensões estratégicas propostas pelo Programa de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica nos estados do Piauí e Ceará. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo transversal utilizando dados provenientes da Avaliação Externa e apresentados diante do cruzamento de variáveis explicativas: estado, porte populacional, estrato de certificação e percentual de cobertura pela Estratégia Saúde da Família. RESULTADOS: Foi possível identificar diferenças significativas nos resultados das dimensões entre equipes de municípios de porte populacional diferente e constatar que mesmo sendo estados com similaridades, Piauí e Ceará apresentaram diferentes resultados na utilização das estratégicas propostas (Autoavaliação, monitoramento, educação permanente e apoio institucional). CONCLUSÕES: As estratégias de melhoria do acesso e qualidade, apesar de seu papel indutor de mudanças, ainda não protagonizaram as ações diante do programa nos estados investigados