Evolutionary models of cold and low-mass planets: Cooling curves, magnitudes, and detectability

Future instruments like NIRCam and MIRI on JWST or METIS at the ELT will be able to image exoplanets that are too faint for current direct imaging instruments. Evolutionary models predicting the planetary intrinsic luminosity as a function of time have traditionally concentrated on gas-dominated giant planets. We extend these cooling curves to Saturnian and Neptunian planets. We simulate the cooling of isolated core-dominated and gas giant planets with masses of 5 Earthmasses to 2 Jupitermasses. The luminosity includes the contribution from the cooling and contraction of the core and of the H/He envelope, as well as radiogenic decay. For the atmosphere we use grey, AMES-Cond, petitCODE, and HELIOS models. We consider solar and non-solar metallicities as well as cloud-free and cloudy atmospheres. The most important initial conditions, namely the core-to-envelope ratio and the initial luminosity are taken from planet formation simulations based on the core accretion paradigm. We first compare our cooling curves for Uranus, Neptune, Jupiter, Saturn, GJ 436b, and a 5 Earthmass-planet with a 1% H/He envelope with other evolutionary models. We then present the temporal evolution of planets with masses between 5 Earthmasses and 2 Jupitermasses in terms of their luminosity, effective temperature, radius, and entropy. We discuss the impact of different post formation entropies. For the different atmosphere types and initial conditions magnitudes in various filter bands between 0.9 and 30 micrometer wavelength are provided. Using black body fluxes and non-grey spectra, we estimate the detectability of such planets with JWST. It is found that a 20 (100) Earthmass-planet can be detected with JWST in the background limit up to an age of about 10 (100) Myr with NIRCam and MIRI, respectively.Comment: Language corrected version and improved arrangements of figures, online data at: http://www.space.unibe.ch/research/research_groups/planets_in_time/numerical_data/index_eng.htm

Kommunikation des Evangeliums im dritten Raum. Empirisch-theologische Reflexionen zu interkulturell-ökumenischen Gottesdiensten am Beispiel der Friedenskirche in Mannheim

Das gemeinsam Gottesdienst Feiern in sichtbarer und praktizierter Vielfalt, wie es in in- terkulturellen Gottesdiensten stattfindet, ist zugleich die Herausforderung und Chance. Zum einen kann im Gottesdienst das Streben nach Einheit und die theologische Selbst- vergewisserung der Verbundenheit über die Taufe eine konkrete Form finden ohne die Vielfalt christlicher Praxis zu negieren. Zum anderen bedarf es eines stetigen (interkul- turellen) Übersetzungs- und Aushandlungsprozesses. Versteht man Christian Grethlein folgend den Gottesdienst als Kommunikation des Evangeliums im Modus der gemein- schaftlichen Feier so rücken neben versprachlichten Prozessen auch nicht versprachlichte in den Fokus. Im Artikel werden drei nonverbale Prozesse, die die Kommunikation und Vergemeinschaftung unterstützen, mithilfe ethnographischer Methoden verbalisiert: a) die Herstellung eines Raumes, in der eine erste Vergemeinschaftung geschieht; b) eine aus der affektiven Betroffenheit entstehende Sozialität, die leiblich in der Aus- und Ein- leibung kommuniziert und c) eine im doing interculturality gestaltete tertiärkulturelle Ge- meinschaft, in der Gottesdienst gefeiert werden kann. Celebrating worship together in visible and practiced diversity, as it takes place in inter- cultural worship services, is both a challenge and an opportunity. On the one hand, the striving for unity and connectedness through baptism can find a concrete form in wor- ship without negating the diversity of Christian practice. On the other hand, it requires a constant (intercultural) process of translation and negotiation of a non-verbal and ver- bal nature. Following Christian Grethlein, if one understands worship as communication of the Gospel in the mode of communal celebration, then besides verbal processes also non-verbal ones come into focus. In this article, three non-verbal processes that support communication and communion are verbalized with the help of ethnographic methods: a) the creation of a space in which an initial communion takes place; b) a sociality that emerges from affective involvement and communicates bodily in the out- and in-body; and c) a tertiary-cultural community shaped in doing interculturality , in which worship can be celebrated

Small vs large dust grains in transitional disks: do different cavity sizes indicate a planet?

Transitional disks represent a short stage of the evolution of circumstellar material. Studies of dust grains in these objects can provide pivotal information on the mechanisms of planet formation. Dissimilarities in the spatial distribution of small (micron-size) and large (millimeter-size) dust grains have recently been pointed out. Constraints on the small dust grains can be obtained by imaging the distribution of scattered light at near-infrared wavelengths. We aim at resolving structures in the surface layer of transitional disks (with particular emphasis on the inner 10 - 50 AU), thus increasing the scarce sample of high resolution images of these objects. We obtained VLT/NACO near-IR high-resolution polarimetric differential imaging observations of SAO 206462 (HD135344B). This technique allows one to image the polarized scattered light from the disk without any occulting mask and to reach an inner working angle of 0.1''. A face-on disk is detected in H and Ks bands between 0.1'' and 0.9''. No significant differences are seen between the H and Ks images. In addition to the spiral arms, these new data allow us to resolve for the first time an inner cavity for small dust grains. The cavity size (about 28 AU) is much smaller than what is inferred for large dust grains from (sub)mm observations (39 to 50 AU). The interaction between the disk and potential orbiting companion(s) can explain both the spiral arm structure and the discrepant cavity sizes for small and large dust grains. One planet may be carving out the gas (and, thus, the small grains) at 28 AU, and generating a pressure bump at larger radii (39 AU), which holds back the large grains. We analytically estimate that, in this scenario, a single giant planet (with a mass between 5 and 15 Jupiter masses) at 17 to 20 AU from the star is consistent with the observed cavity sizes.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures; accepted for publication in A&

О параметрах системы подготовки принятия решений государственной организации с помощью бизнес-процессов

В статье приводится описание параметров, необходимых для информационной системы принятия решений государственной организации при оказании услуг с помощью бизнес-процессов. Любая информационная система, позволяющая подготавливать данные для принятия решений, строится на основе количественной информации. Однако, само решение выбирается чаще всего на основе опыта, знаний, что субъективно и не во всех случаях является правильным. Нами предлагается выделить класс событий, для которых возможно разработать шаблоны решений. Выбор решения основывается на анализе параметров бизнес-процессов государственной организации при оказании услуг.The article describes the parameters necessary for the decision-making information system of the state organization in the provision of services through business processes. Any information system that allows data to be prepared for decision-making is based on quantitative information. However, the decision itself is chosen most often on the basis of experience, knowledge, which is subjective and not always correct. We propose to allocate a class of events for which it is possible to develop decision templates. The choice of the solution is based on the analysis of the parameters of the business processes of the state organization in the provision of service

A novel PCFT gene mutation (p.Cys66LeufsX99) causing hereditary folate malabsorption

Hereditary folate malabsorption (HFM) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder which is characterized by impaired intestinal folate malabsorption and impaired folate transport into the central nervous system. Mutations in the intestinal folate transporter PCFT have been reported previously in only 10 individuals with this disorder. The purpose of the current study was to describe the clinical phenotype and determine the molecular basis for this disorder in a family with four affected individuals. A consanguineous family of Pakistani origin with autosomal recessive HFM was ascertained and clinically phenotyped. After genetic linkage studies all coding exons of the PCFT gene were screened for mutations by direct sequencing. The clinical phenotype of four affected patients is described. Direct sequencing of PCFT revealed a novel homozygous frameshift mutation (c.194dupG) at a mononucleotide repeat in exon 1 predicted to result in a truncated protein (p.Cys66LeufsX99). This report extends current knowledge on the phenotypic manifestations of HFM and the PCFT mutation spectrum