Gonad-related factors promote muscle performance gain during postnatal development in male and female mice

To better define the role of male and female gonad-related factors (MGRF, presumably testosterone, and FGRF, presumably estradiol, respectively) on mouse hindlimb skeletal muscle contractile performance/function gain during postnatal development, we analyzed the effect of castration initiated before puberty in male and female mice. We found that muscle absolute and specific (normalized to muscle weight) maximal forces were decreased in 6-mo-old male and female castrated mice compared with age- and sex-matched intact mice, without alteration in neuromuscular transmission. Moreover, castration decreased absolute and specific maximal powers, another important aspect of muscle performance, in 6-mo-old males, but not in females. Absolute maximal force was similarly reduced by castration in 3-mo-old muscle fiber androgen receptor (AR)-deficient and wild-type male mice, indicating that the effect of MGRF was muscle fiber AR independent. Castration reduced the muscle weight gain in 3-mo mice of both sexes and in 6-mo females but not in males. We also found that bone morphogenetic protein signaling through Smad1/5/9 was not altered by castration in atrophic muscle of 3-mo-old mice of both sexes. Moreover, castration decreased the sexual dimorphism regarding muscle performance. Together, these results demonstrated that in the long term, MGRF and FGRF promote muscle performance gain in mice during postnatal development, independently of muscle growth in males, largely via improving muscle contractile quality (force and power normalized), and that MGFR and FGRF also contribute to sexual dimorphism. However, the mechanisms underlying MGFR and FGRF actions remain to be determined

Role of Wnt proteins and signaling pathways in neuromuscular junction formation

La formation de la jonction neuromusculaire des vertébrés (JNM), une synapse cholinergique périphérique entre les motoneurones et les fibres musculaires squelettiques repose sur la reconnaissance et l’apposition précise des motoneurones présynaptiques sur leurs cibles musculaires postsynaptiques. Les données de la littérature montrent que les morphogènes Wnt agissent comme des régulateurs clés de la formation de la JNM. Cependant, l'identité précise des Wnts, leur collaboration et les mécanismes moléculaires de la signalisation Wnt régissant la formation de la JNM restent encore incompris. A la JNM, la transduction du signal Wnt s’effectue par l'intermédiaire de l’interaction des Wnt soit avec le complexe formé par le récepteur tyrosine kinase MuSK et la lipoprotéine Lrp4 ou les récepteurs classiques Frizzled (Fzd). Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les mécanismes moléculaires de la formation de la JNM médiés par les Wnts. Nous avons montré que Wnt4 et Wn11 sont nécessaires pour l’étape indépendante du nerf de prepatterning musculaire, caractérisée par l’agrégation des récepteurs de l’acétylcholine (RACh) dans des domaines discrets de la surface du muscle où la future synapse va se former, via l'activation différentielle des voies canonique et polarité cellulaire planaire (PCP). De plus, Fzd3 et Vangl2, deux composantes essentielles de la voie PCP, sont accumulées à la JNM et sont impliquées distinctement dans la formation de la JNM, Fzd3 étant nécessaire à la croissance des axones moteurs alors que Vangl2 joue un rôle dans l’agrégation du RACh et la restriction de la croissance des axones moteurs une fois leur cible musculaire atteinte. Pour étudier le rôle fonctionnel de l'interaction Wnt/MuSK, nous avons généré une souris transgénique délétée du domaine de liaison de MuSK aux Wnts (CRD, domaine riche en cystéines). Nous avons démontré que l'absence du CRD de MuSK affecte la formation de la JNM dès l’étape deprepatterning jusqu’à la maintenance de la JNM chez l’adulte, aboutissant à un phénotype pathogène. De plus, nous avons montré que le lithium, un inhibiteur réversible de la glycogène synthase kinase-3 restaure les défauts de formation de la JNM chez les embryons mutants et pourrait constituer un nouveau réactif thérapeutique pour le traitement des maladies neuromusculaires liées à une déficience de la voie de signalisation Wnt/MuSK.Formation of the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (NMJ), a peripheral cholinergic synapse between motoneurons and skeletal muscle fibers relies on the accurate recognition and apposition of presynaptic motoneurons on postsynaptic muscle target. Recently, a growing body of evidence indicates that Wnt morphogens act as key regulators of NMJ formation. Yet, the specific Wnts identity, their collaborative function and the downstream molecular mechanisms of Wnt signaling regulating NMJ formation still remain elusive. At the NMJ, Wnt ligands transduce their signal through interaction of either the receptor complex formed by the muscle specific tyrosine kinase MuSK and the low density lipoprotein (Lrp) Lrp4 or the classical frizzled receptors. In this thesis, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms of Wnt-induced NMJ formation. We found that both Wnt4 and Wn11 are required for the nerve-independent muscle prepatterning step, characterized by acetylcholine receptor (AChR) aggregation in discrete domains of the muscle surface where the synapse will form, via differential activation of either canonical and/or planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways. Moreover, Fzd3 and Vangl2, two core components of the PCP pathway, are accumulated at the developing NMJ and play distinct roles in NMJ formation, with Fz3 required for motor axon growth and Vangl2 involved in AChR clustering and motor axon growth restriction within the target field. To further study the functional role of Wnt/MuSK interaction, we generated a transgenic mice deleted from MuSK Wnt binding domain (CRD, cysteine rich domain). We demonstrated that the absence of MuSK CRD affected NMJ formation from the prepatterning step to NMJ maintenance in adult leading to a pathogenic phenotype. Moreover, we found that lithium, a reversible inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase-3 fully rescued NMJ defects in mutant embryos and therefore may constitutes a novel therapeutic reagent for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders linked to Wnt/MuSK signaling pathway deficiency

Dystrophin restoration therapy improves both the reduced excitability and the force drop induced by lengthening contractions in dystrophic mdx skeletal muscle

International audienceBackgroundThe greater susceptibility to contraction-induced skeletal muscle injury (fragility) is an important dystrophic feature and tool for testing preclinic dystrophin-based therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, how these therapies reduce the muscle fragility is not clear.MethodsTo address this question, we first determined the event(s) of the excitation-contraction cycle which is/are altered following lengthening (eccentric) contractions in the mdx muscle.ResultsWe found that the immediate force drop following lengthening contractions, a widely used measure of muscle fragility, was associated with reduced muscle excitability. Moreover, the force drop can be mimicked by an experimental reduction in muscle excitation of uninjured muscle. Furthermore, the force drop was not related to major neuromuscular transmission failure, excitation-contraction uncoupling, and myofibrillar impairment. Secondly, and importantly, the re-expression of functional truncated dystrophin in the muscle of mdx mice using an exon skipping strategy partially prevented the reductions in both force drop and muscle excitability following lengthening contractions.ConclusionWe demonstrated for the first time that (i) the increased susceptibility to contraction-induced muscle injury in mdx mice is mainly attributable to reduced muscle excitability; (ii) dystrophin-based therapy improves fragility of the dystrophic skeletal muscle by preventing reduction in muscle excitability

Gonad-related factors promote muscle performance gain during postnatal development in male and female mice

To better define the role of male and female gonad-related factors (MGRF, presumably testosterone, and FGRF, presumably estradiol, respectively) on mouse hindlimb skeletal muscle contractile performance/function gain during postnatal development, we analyzed the effect of castration initiated before puberty in male and female mice. We found that muscle absolute and specific (normalized to muscle weight) maximal forces were decreased in 6-mo-old male and female castrated mice compared with age- and sex-matched intact mice, without alteration in neuromuscular transmission. Moreover, castration decreased absolute and specific maximal powers, another important aspect of muscle performance, in 6-mo-old males, but not in females. Absolute maximal force was similarly reduced by castration in 3-mo-old muscle fiber androgen receptor (AR)-deficient and wild-type male mice, indicating that the effect of MGRF was muscle fiber AR independent. Castration reduced the muscle weight gain in 3-mo mice of both sexes and in 6-mo females but not in males. We also found that bone morphogenetic protein signaling through Smad1/5/9 was not altered by castration in atrophic muscle of 3-mo-old mice of both sexes. Moreover, castration decreased the sexual dimorphism regarding muscle performance. Together, these results demonstrated that in the long term, MGRF and FGRF promote muscle performance gain in mice during postnatal development, independently of muscle growth in males, largely via improving muscle contractile quality (force and power normalized), and that MGFR and FGRF also contribute to sexual dimorphism. However, the mechanisms underlying MGFR and FGRF actions remain to be determined

Recent advances in french cohort of congenital myasthenic syndromes patients

International audienceCongenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare diseases caused by dysfonction of neuromuscular transmission and share common clinical features characterized by fluctuation of muscle weakness and fatigability. Identification of mutations in genes encoding neuromuscular junction (NMJ) proteins has intensified in recent years. However in French cohort, some of CMS patients are still genetically undiagnosed. These last years, using whole exome sequencing and sanger sequencing, we identify for the first time mutations in SLC5A7 encoding the presynaptic sodium dependant hight-affinity choline transporter 1 (CHT1) responsible of severe CMS with episodic apnea (CMS-EA) and one the other hand new mutations in GFPT1 encoding an enzyme involved in glycosylated of ubiquitous proteins causing limb-girdle CMS with tubular aggregates. In the first study, we identified 11 recessive mutations in SLC5A7 that are associated with a spectrum of severe muscle weakness ranging from a lethal antenatal form of arthrogryposis and severe hypotonia to a neonatal form of CMS-EA. The missense mutations induced a near complete loss of function of CHT activity in cell models. At the human NMJ, a delay in synaptic maturation and an altered maintenance were observed in the antenatal and neonatal forms, respectively. In the second study, we identified 9 new GFPT1 mutations and we report the first retrospective clinical evaluation of LG-CMS individuals stresses an evolution toward a myopathic weakness that occurs concomitantly to ineffectiveness of usual CMS treatments. Analysis of neuromuscular biopsies from 3 unrelated individuals demonstrates that the maintenance of NMJs is dramatically impaired with loss of post-synaptic junctional folds and evidence of denervation-reinnervation processes affecting the 3 main NMJ components. Moreover, molecular analyses of the human muscle biopsies confirm glycosylation defects of proteins with reduced O-glycosylation and show reduced sialylation of transmembrane proteins in extrajunctional area.His two studies highlighted that CHT1 is the second most frequent gene after CHAT responsible of CMS-EA and reinforced that GFPT1 is the primary genetic cause of ubiquitous CMS. This work has allowed to widen the genetic and clinical spectrum of CMS whose phenotypic complexity that could be only a small part of a much more extensive disease phenotype

Desmin prevents muscle wasting, exaggerated weakness and fragility, and fatigue in dystrophic mdx mouse

International audienceAbstract: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe neuromuscular disease caused by dystrophin deficiency. Desmin, similar to dystrophin, is associated with costameric structures bridging sarcomeres to the extracellular matrix that contributes to muscle function. In the present study, we attempted to provide further insight into the roles of desmin, for which the expression is increased in the muscle from the mouse mdx DMD model. We show that a deletion of the desmin gene (Des) in mdx mice [double knockout (DKO) mice, mdx:desmin-/-] induces a marked muscle weakness; namely, a reduced absolute maximal force production and increased fatigue compared to that in mdx mice. Fragility (i.e. higher susceptibility to contraction-induced injury) was also aggravated in DKO mice compared to mdx mice, despite the promotion of supposedly less fragile muscle fibres in DKO mice, and this worsening of fragility was related to a decreased muscle excitability. Moreover, in contrast to mdx mice, the DKO mice did not undergo muscle hypertrophy, as indicated by smaller and fewer fibres, with a reduced percentage of centronucleated fibres, potentially explaining the severe muscle weakness. Notably, Desmin cDNA transfer with adeno-associated virus in newborn mdx mice improved specific maximal force normalized to muscle weight. Overall, desmin plays important and beneficial roles in muscle wasting, performance and fragility in dystrophic mdx mice, which differ, at least in part, from those observed in healthy muscle

MuSK frizzled-like domain is critical for mammalian neuromuscular junction formation and maintenance.

International audienceThe muscle-specific kinase MuSK is one of the key molecules orchestrating neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation. MuSK interacts with the Wnt morphogens, through its Frizzled-like domain (cysteine-rich domain [CRD]). Dysfunction of MuSK CRD in patients has been recently associated with the onset of myasthenia, common neuromuscular disorders mainly characterized by fatigable muscle weakness. However, the physiological role of Wnt-MuSK interaction in NMJ formation and function remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that the CRD deletion of MuSK in mice caused profound defects of both muscle prepatterning, the first step of NMJ formation, and synapse differentiation associated with a drastic deficit in AChR clusters and excessive growth of motor axons that bypass AChR clusters. Moreover, adult MuSKΔCRD mice developed signs of congenital myasthenia, including severe NMJs dismantlement, muscle weakness, and fatigability. We also report, for the first time, the beneficial effects of lithium chloride, a reversible inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase-3, that rescued NMJ defects in MuSKΔCRD mice and therefore constitutes a novel therapeutic reagent for the treatment of neuromuscular disorders linked to Wnt-MuSK signaling pathway deficiency. Together, our data reveal that MuSK CRD is critical for NMJ formation and plays an unsuspected role in NMJ maintenance in adulthood

Identification of a new splice site mutation in synaptotagmin-2 responsible for a severe and early presynaptic form of congenital myasthenic syndrome

International audienceCongenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of inherited disorders caused by defective synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and characterized by fluctuation of muscle weakness and fatigability. Recently, many mutations encoding presynaptic and ubiquitous proteins have been identified as responsible for increasingly complex CMS phenotypes of CMS. Among them, this is the case of autosomal dominant mutations in Synaptotagmin2 (SYT2) C2B domain that have been linked to described as responsible for presynaptic CMS combined to Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndromes and motor neuropathy forms. SYT2 is the major synaptotagmin isoform expressed at the NMJ and acts as a calcium sensor that is mediated by the presence of two tandem C2 domains. In the French cohort of CMS patients, we recently identified in a consanguineous family a new homozygote recessive intronic mutation in SYT2 causing an early and severe presynaptic CMS. Using a minigene construct we demonstrated that this intronic mutation in the donor splice site of SYT2 intron 4 leads to a SYT2 in-frame exon 4 skipping suppressing the N-terminal part of C2A domain. Morphological and functional studies revealed that defects in SYT2 C2A domain affects NMJs maintenance, synaptic transmission and triggers a decrease of SYT2 expression partially compensated by the upregulation of SYT1 expression at the NMJ. This study reports the identification of a new severe presynaptic CMS form associated to a recessive intronic mutation in SYT2 and completes the previously reported data on the dominant SYT2-related motor neuropathy and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

New mutation in the β1 propeller domain of LRP4 responsible for congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with Cenani–Lenz syndrome

International audienceCongenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of rare diseases due to mutations in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) protein-coding genes. Until now, many mutations encoding postsynaptic proteins as Agrin, MuSK and LRP4 have been identified as responsible for increasingly complex CMS phenotypes. The majority of mutations identified in LRP4 gene causes bone diseases including CLS and sclerosteosis-2 and rare cases of CMS with mutations in LRP4 gene has been described so far. In the French cohort of CMS patients, we identified a novel LRP4 homozygous missense mutation (c.1820A > G; p.Thy607Cys) within the β1 propeller domain in a patient presenting CMS symptoms, including muscle weakness, fluctuating fatigability and a decrement in compound muscle action potential in spinal accessory nerves, associated with congenital agenesis of the hands and feet and renal malformation. Mechanistic expression studies show a significant decrease of AChR aggregation in cultured patient myotubes, as well as altered in vitro binding of agrin and Wnt11 ligands to the mutated β1 propeller domain of LRP4 explaining the dual phenotype characterized clinically and electoneuromyographically in the patient. These results expand the LRP4 mutations spectrum associated with a previously undescribed clinical association involving impaired neuromuscular transmission and limb deformities and highlighting the critical role of a yet poorly described domain of LRP4 at the NMJ. This study raises the question of the frequency of this rare neuromuscular form and the future diagnosis and management of these cases