El Impacto de la Globalización sobre las Estrategias de Mercadotecnia

Proyecto de Graduación (Licenciatura en Mercadeo). Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Administración de Empresas, 2001.The following investigation objective is to explain the transformation that the marketing strategy formulation in some big national and foreign businesses in Costa Rica, regarding the Globalization process has done. The investigation was made as a request to obtain a Licentiate in Marketing at the Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. The main teoric concepts served as a fundaments and orientation for the development, we present relevant themes like globalization, globalize strategies and global market, even all themes related to develop and global marketing application. At the same time, to achieve the objectives, the research team did a breakdown of the study under three different points of view: a) Foreign companies that under the new Globalization Era have come to compete in the Central American market. b) Domestic companies that have faced the arrival of foreign competition. c) Domestic companies that in addition of competing with foreign industries, have looked for growing opportunities in other markets, all under the Globalization environment. In each one of these points of view, three companies were analyzed. These companies were chosen under the scrutiny and convenience of the research team. To do this and structured and individual interviewed was designed and applied to the executives or directors in charge of the marketing area of each one of these organizations. Concluded the stage of information was proceeded to the elaboration of comparative squares between the studied companies, assembling them according to the focus under the who they were analyzed, detailing the principal change applied in the different variables that conform the marketing mix, like the description of the several strategies for those in each womb that to organization level, they have opted these companies in order to maintain their competition level and growth. iv The main topics founded on each scope were: Scope a) Scope b) Scope c) Production concentration in strategic points in order to get scale economies. High investments in research and development. Better distribution coverage. Constant innovation in their products. Products standardization. Usage of latest technology. Administrative functions concentration. Administrative functions concentration. Diversified line of goods Goods exportation to Central America. Formal strategic alliances on distribution. Other companies acquisition. Maquila production to other brands, inclusive contenders. Advertisement investment looking forward new point of sales. ISO quality certification. Innovative products line. New factories installation in Costa Rica and Central America. Corporate image exportation. Price strategy varies according to industry. Direct delivery of goods. To finalize, analyzing the results of this investigation as a whole and going back to its original objective, it has been concluded that, generally speaking, the modern businessman's philosophy, characterized by being submerged in an globalized marked of intense activity, has had to transform itself, to understand that it is not standing alone in the market, that all around him there are an immense range of solutions offered by the competition, which is eager to satisfy the needs of its market with alternatives and services of great innovation and focused totally on the client. In this sense, today’s entrepreneur needs to broaden his/her way of thinking and look for options, through the various forms of alliance and other corporate strategies in order to get to the market faster than the others. This can be carried out with innovative products or services that at the same time are efficient and posses an excellent quality. Moreover, a series of additional services that give him the value added necessary to see the difference clearly before his/her competitors, provides the desired positioning attained with success.Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Escuela de Administración de Empresas

Turning turtle: scaling relationships and self-righting ability in Chelydra serpentina

Testudines are susceptible to inversion and self-righting using their necks, limbs or both, to generate enough mechanical force to flip over. We investigated how shell morphology, neck length and self-righting biomechanics scale with body mass during ontogeny in Chelydra serpentina, which uses neck-powered self-righting. We found that younger turtles flipped over twice as fast as older individuals. A simple geometric model predicted the relationships of shell shape and self-righting time with body mass. Conversely, neck force, power output and kinetic energy increase with body mass at rates greater than predicted. These findings were correlated with relatively longer necks in younger turtles than would be predicted by geometric similarity. Therefore, younger turtles self-right with lower biomechanical costs than predicted by simple scaling theory. Considering younger turtles are more prone to inverting and their shells offer less protection, faster and less costly self-righting would be advantageous in overcoming the detriments of inversion

Progesterone and the Luteal Phase

Progesterone production from the corpus luteum is critical for natural reproduction. Progesterone supplementation seems to be an important aspect of any assisted reproductive technology treatment. Luteal phase deficiency in natural cycles is a plausible cause of infertility and pregnancy loss, though there is no adequate diagnostic test. This article describes the normal luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, investigates the controversy surrounding luteal phase deficiency, and presents the current literature for progesterone supplementation during assisted reproductive technologies

Effect of gypsum content in sprayed cementitious matrices: Early age hydration and mechanical properties

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Sprayed materials must present short setting times and a fast early strength development for safety and productivity reasons. In order to improve these characteristics, the construction industry has focused on the development of new formulations of accelerators. Research and improvement of other components of the mix, such as cement or additions, have not advanced at the same rate despite being also crucial for the reaction kinetics. The objective of this work is to evaluate the influence of gypsum content on the hydration and mechanical strength development in sprayed mixes. Sprayed pastes and mortars were prepared with one type of cement, two types of accelerators and different gypsum contents. Kinetics, mechanisms of hydration and mechanical properties were evaluated. Results showed a better performance in sprayed mixes that contain ideal doses of gypsum. Such approach provides valuable information for the improvement of the formulation of cement used in sprayed concrete applications

Experiencias globales en la formación profesional de la Educación Primaria: Una mirada a las tendencias decadentes, operantes y emergentes

Resume: Today's world represents an unprecedented scenario for educational change that demands new skills and knowledge to discover in the professional training of primary education; Based on the above, this research focuses on the analysis of the decadent, operating and emerging trends in the training of primary education professionals in seven countries around the world. It is concluded that innovative trends point towards the enrichment of the relationship between pedagogical theory and practice from a totalizing approach in which all disciplines are integrated, while the person in training processes is assumed as part of a triad in which the educational institution, the universities and the ministries of education interact permanently.El mundo actual representa un escenario sin precedentes para el cambio educativo que demandan nuevas habilidades y saberes por descubrir en la formación profesional de la educación primaria; desde lo anterior esta investigación se centra en el análisis las tendencias decadentes, operantes y emergentes de la formación de profesionales de la Educación primaria en siete países alrededor del mundo. Se concluye que las tendencias innovadoras apuntan hacia el enriquecimiento de la relación entre teoría y práctica pedagógica desde un enfoque totalizador en el que se integren todas las disciplinas, al tiempo que la persona en procesos de formación se asume como parte de una triada en la que interactúan en forma permanente la institución educativa, las universidades y los ministerios de educación

A via dos esfingolipídeos como biossensor da quimiossensibilidade do câncer: Uma prova de princípio

Cancer is a complex genetic disease with reduced treatment alternatives due to tumor heterogeneity and drug multiresistance emergence. The sphingolipid (SL) metabolic pathway integrates different responses of cellular stress signals and defines cell survival. Therefore, we suggest studying the perturbations on the sphingolipid pathway (SLP) caused by chemotherapeutic drugs using a systems biology approach to evaluate its functionality as a drug response sensor. We used a sphingomyelin-BODIPY (SM-BOD) sensor to study SL metabolism by flow cytometry and live cell imaging in different cancer models. To decode pathway complexity, we implemented Gussian mixture models, ordinary differential equations models, unsupervised classification algorithms and a fuzzy logic approach to assess its utility as a chemotherapy response sensor. Our results show that chemotherapeutic drugs perturb the SLP in different ways in a cell line-specific manner. In addition, we found that few SM-BOD fluorescence features predict chemosensitivity with high accuracy. Finally, we found that the relative species composition of SL appears to contribute to the resulting cytotoxicity of many treatments. This report offers a conceptual and mathematical framework for developing personalized mathematical models to predict and improve cancer therapy.El cáncer es una enfermedad genética compleja con opciones terapéuticas limitadas, debido a la heterogeneidad tumoral y a la aparición de multirresistencia a los fármacos. La vía metabólica de los esfingolípidos (SL) se caracteriza por ser capaz de integrar diferentes tipos de señales de estrés celular y definir la supervivencia celular. Por lo tanto, sugerimos estudiar las perturbaciones en la vía de los esfingolípidos (SLP) causadas por fármacos quimioterapéuticos utilizando un enfoque de biología de sistemas y evaluar su funcionalidad como sensor de respuesta a fármacos. Usamos un sensor de esfingomielina-BODIPY (SM-BOD) para estudiar el metabolismo de SL mediante citometría de flujo e imágenes de células vivas en diferentes modelos de cáncer. Para decodificar la complejidad de la ruta, implementamos modelos de mezcla gaussianos, modelos de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias, algoritmos de clasificación no supervisados ​y un modelo de lógica difusa para evaluar su utilidad como sensor de respuesta a la quimioterapia. Nuestros resultados muestran que los fármacos quimioterapéuticos perturban la SLP de diferentes formas y de una manera específica de la línea celular. Además, encontramos que pocas características de fluorescencia de SM-BOD predicen la quimiosensibilidad con alta precisión. Finalmente, encontramos que la composición relativa de especies de SL parece contribuir a la citotoxicidad resultante de muchos tratamientos. Este informe ofrece un marco conceptual y matemático para desarrollar modelos matemáticos personalizados para predecir y mejorar la terapia del cáncer.O câncer é uma doença genética complexa com opções terapêuticas limitadas, devido à heterogeneidade tumoral e ao aparecimento de multirresistência aos fármacos. A via metabólica dos esfingolipídeos (SP) é caracterizada por ser capaz de integrar diferentes tipos de sinais de estresse celular e definir a sobrevivência celular. Portanto, sugerimos estudar as perturbações na rota dos esfingolipídeos (SP) causadas por fármacos quimioterápicos usando uma abordagem de biologia de sistemas e avaliar sua funcionalidade como sensor de resposta a fármacos. Usamos um sensor de esfingomielina-BODIPY (SM-BOD) para estudar o metabolismo do SP por citometria de fluxo e imagens de células vivas em diferentes modelos de câncer. Para decodificar a complexidade do caminho, implementamos modelos de mistura gaussiana, modelos de equações diferenciais ordinárias, algoritmos de classificação não supervisionados ​e um modelo de lógica difusa para avaliar sua utilidade como sensor de resposta à quimioterapia. Nossos resultados mostram que os fármacos quimioterápicos perturbam a rota dos SP de diferentes maneiras e de maneira específica da linhagem celular. Além disso, descobrimos que poucas características de fluorescência do SM-BOD predizem a quimiossensibilidade com alta precisão. Finalmente, descobrimos que a composição relativa de espécies de SP parece contribuir para a citotoxicidade resultante de muitos tratamentos. Este relatório oferece uma estrutura conceitual e matemática para o desenvolvimento de modelos matemáticos personalizados para prever e melhorar a terapia do câncer

Optimal timing for elective egg freezing

To estimate the optimal age to pursue elective oocyte cryopreservation