831 research outputs found
Investigating the Andromeda Stream: II. Orbital Fits and Properties of the Progenitor
We construct test-particle orbits and simple N-body models that match the
properties of the giant stellar stream observed to the south of M31, using the
model of M31's potential derived in the companion paper by Geehan et al.
(2006). We introduce a simple approximation to account for the difference in
position between the stream and the orbit of the progenitor; this significantly
affects the best-fitting orbits. The progenitor orbits we derive have orbital
apocenter \sim 60 \kpc and pericenter \sim 3 \kpc, though these quantities
vary somewhat with the current orbital phase of the progenitor which is as yet
unknown. Our best combined fit to the stream and galaxy properties implies a
mass within 125 kpc of M31 of (7.4 \pm 1.2) \times 10^{11} \Msun. Based on
its length, width, luminosity, and velocity dispersion, we conclude that the
stream originates from a progenitor satellite with mass M_s \sim 10^9 \Msun,
and at most modest amounts of dark matter; the estimate of is again
correlated with the phase of the progenitor. M31 displays a large number of
faint features in its inner halo which may be progenitors or continuations of
the stream. While the orbital fits are not constrained enough for us to
conclusively identify the progenitor, we can identify several plausible
candidates, of which a feature in the planetary nebula distribution found by
Merrett et al. is the most plausible, and rule out several others. We make
predictions for the kinematic properties of the successful candidates. These
may aid in observational identification of the progenitor object, which would
greatly constrain the allowed models of the stream.Comment: 17 pages, 10 color figures, 4 tables. Accepted by Monthly Notices;
some minor revisions and corrected typo
Exploring Disk Galaxy Dynamics Using IFU Data
In order to test the basic equations believed to dictate the dynamics of disk
galaxies, we present and analyze deep two-dimensional spectral data obtained
using the PPAK integral field unit for the early-type spiral systems NGC 2273,
NGC 2985, NGC 3898 and NGC 5533. We describe the care needed to obtain and
process such data to a point where reliable kinematic measurements can be
obtained from these observations, and a new more optimal method for deriving
the rotational motion and velocity dispersions in such disk systems. The data
from NGC 2273 and NGC 2985 show systematic variations in velocity dispersion
with azimuth, as one would expect if the shapes of their velocity ellipsoids
are significantly anisotropic, while the hotter disks in NGC 3898 and NGC 5533
appear to have fairly isotropic velocity dispersions. Correcting the rotational
motion for asymmetric drift using the derived velocity dispersions reproduces
the rotation curves inferred from emission lines reasonably well, implying that
this correction is quite robust, and that the use of the asymmetric drift
equation is valid. NGC 2985 is sufficiently close to face on for the data,
combined with the asymmetric drift equation, to determine all three components
of the velocity ellipsoid. The principal axes of this velocity ellipsoid are
found to be in the ratio sigma_z:sigma_phi:sigma_R ~ 0.7:0.7:1, which shows
unequivocally that this disk distribution function respects a third integral of
motion. The ratio is also consistent with the predictions of epicyclic theory,
giving some confidence in the application of this approximation to even fairly
early-type disk galaxies.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
Augmenting forearm crutches with wireless sensors for lower limb rehabilitation
Forearm crutches are frequently used in the rehabilitation of an injury to the lower limb. The recovery rate is improved if the patient correctly applies a certain fraction of their body weight (specified by a clinician) through the axis of the crutch, referred to as partial weight bearing (PWB). Incorrect weight bearing has been shown to result in an extended recovery period or even cause further damage to the limb. There is currently no minimally invasive tool for long-term monitoring of a patient's PWB in a home environment. This paper describes the research and development of an instrumented forearm crutch that has been developed to wirelessly and autonomously monitor a patient's weight bearing over the full period of their recovery, including its potential use in a home environment. A pair of standard forearm crutches are augmented with low-cost off-the-shelf wireless sensor nodes and electronic components to provide indicative measurements of the applied weight, crutch tilt and hand position on the grip. Data are wirelessly transmitted between crutches and to a remote computer (where they are processed and visualized in LabVIEW), and the patient receives biofeedback by means of an audible signal when they put too much or too little weight through the crutch. The initial results obtained highlight the capability of the instrumented crutch to support physiotherapists and patients in monitoring usage
Researchers, Impact and Publications (R.I.P.):AKA, how to adapt a cult game to increase engagement and awareness
Unravelling the origins of S0 galaxies using maximum likelihood analysis of planetary nebulae kinematics
To investigate the origins of S0 galaxies, we present a new method of analysing their stellar kinematics from discrete tracers such as planetary nebulae. This method involves binning the data in the radial direction so as to extract the most general possible non-parametric kinematic profiles, and using a maximum-likelihood fit within each bin in order to make full use of the information in the discrete kinematic tracers. Both disc and spheroid kinematic components are fitted, with a two-dimensional decomposition of imaging data used to attribute to each tracer a probability of membership in the separate components. Likelihood clipping also allows us to identify objects whose properties are not consistent with the adopted model, rendering the technique robust against contaminants and able to identify additional kinematic features. The method is first tested on an N-body simulated galaxy to assess possible sources of systematic error associated with the structural and kinematic decomposition, which are found to be small. It is then applied to the S0 system NGC 1023, for which a planetary nebula catalogue has already been released and analysed by Noordermer et al. The correct inclusion of the spheroidal component allows us to show that, contrary to previous claims, the stellar kinematics of this galaxy are indistinguishable from those of a normal spiral galaxy, indicating that it may have evolved directly from such a system via gas stripping or secular evolution. The method also successfully identifies a population of outliers whose kinematics are different from those of the main galaxy; these objects can be identified with a stellar stream associated with the companion galaxy NGC 1023A
Epi-and Mesopelagic Fishes, Acoustic Data, and SST Images Collected Off Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, During Cruise La Bocaina 04-97
During cruise La Bocaina 0497 a series of 14 tows with a commercial pelagic trawl at depths between 20 and 700 m and an acoustic survey with a SIMRAD EK-500 echosounder were carried out in neritic and adjacent oceanic waters off Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, and Gran Canaria, Canary islands. In addition, SST images were obtained to get some informations on the prevailing hydrological conditions in the study area.
Of the 14 trawl tows ten were successful and resulted in capture of a total of 2166 fishes belonging to 81 species, 53 genera and 28 families. Ten species proved to be new records for the area of the Canary Islands. The acoustic survey covered a total of 2404 nm2 and allowed to obtain estimates of the abundance and biomass of fishes.
Both the fishing results and the acoustic study revealed considerable spatial variability in biomass of chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, an epipelagic species of particular fisheries interest, showing clear variations in the numerical dominance of certain age- or size classes among different collecting localities. Furthermore, some juveniles in the first year of life occurred in the oceanic epipelagic during night together with vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes. Preliminary analyses of the stomach and intestinal content suggest that these juveniles fed close to the bottom during the day before and hence may undertake diurnal horizontal migrations between the shelf and adjacent oceanic waters. It is concluded that the great spatial flexibility of this species requires further monitoring surveys at regular intervals as a basis for establishing a sustainable fisheries management.
The acoustic data together with the trawling results demonstrate the existence of a dense deep scattering layer at depths between 400 and 700 m which is composed of mesopelagic fishes and invertebrates. Clear indications of diurnal vertical migrations were found in several species with formation of a shallow scattering layer in less than 150 m depth during night. Together with typical mesopelagic species such as stomiids and myctophids also juveniles of three benthopelagic species, which typically undergo a pelagic stage during early life, were collected.
Several individuals of mesopelagic species were collected above the shelf what may reflect the ecological boundary situation at ocean rims typical for oceanic islands and seamounts. Some mesopelagic species collected in this study may be closely associated with distinct hydrological conditions such as the myctophid Ceratoscopelus maderensis which was discovered in the SE of Fuerteventura in an area of possible local upwelling. This finding points to the existence of micro-zoogeographic zones within the Canary islands which derserve further investigation using a small-scaled comparative approach
Gravitational stability and dynamical overheating of stellar disks of galaxies
We use the marginal stability condition for galactic disks and the stellar
velocity dispersion data published by different authors to place upper limits
on the disk local surface density at two radial scalelengths .
Extrapolating these estimates, we constrain the total mass of the disks and
compare these estimates to those based on the photometry and color of stellar
populations. The comparison reveals that the stellar disks of most of spiral
galaxies in our sample cannot be substantially overheated and are therefore
unlikely to have experienced a significant merging event in their history. The
same conclusion applies to some, but not all of the S0 galaxies we consider.
However, a substantial part of the early type galaxies do show the stellar
velocity dispersion well in excess of the gravitational stability threshold
suggesting a major merger event in the past. We find dynamically overheated
disks among both seemingly isolated galaxies and those forming pairs. The ratio
of the marginal stability disk mass estimate to the total galaxy mass within
four radial scalelengths remains within a range of 0.4---0.8. We see no
evidence for a noticeable running of this ratio with either the morphological
type or color index.Comment: 25 pages, 5 figures, accepted to Astronomy Letter
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