What Would it Take to Successfully Introduce Compulsory Te Reo Māori in all Schools in Aotearoa New Zealand? A future focused policy analysis

While considerable ground has been made in education policy promoting te reo Māori, no government has yet been willing to implement this as a requirement for all schools in Aotearoa New Zealand. In this article I undertake a ‘future-focused’ policy analysis to consider what it might take to implement this by drawing on recent research involving key advocates and stakeholders. I propose a ‘radical incrementalism’ approach that increasingly normalises and values te reo Māori across all sectors of society and that is supported by the resourcing of teachers and teachers’ college institutions and their leadership

Chapter 19 of the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement 1989-95: A Check on Administered Protection?

The United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement1 expressed the mutual desire of Canadian and American exporters to secure permanent access to the other country\u27s market. Of particular concern to Canada during the FTA negotiations was the perceived need to reduce the impact of such non-tariff barriers to trade as American antidumping (AD) and countervailing duty (CVD) laws. It was recognized that eliminating tariff levels under the FTA would only nominally benefit Canadian exporters if American non-tariff barriers were allowed to retain their existing status. Chapter 19 of the FTA was created to address this Canadian concern

Explosivity Conditions of Aqueous Solutions

International audienceThis paper focuses on the conditions for explosive boiling and gas exsolution of aqueous solutions from a thermodynamic point of view. Indeed, the kinetic nature of these processes, hence their explosivity, can be assessed by considering their relation with the spinodal curve of these liquids. First, the concepts of mechanical and diffusion spinodals are briefly described, which allows us to introduce the notions of superspinodal (explosive) transformations and subspinodal (non-explosive) ones. Then, a quantitative study of spinodal curves is attempted for the binary systems H2O–CO2 and H2O–NaCl using equations of state having a strong physical basis. It is shown that dissolved gaseous components and electrolytes have an antagonist effect: dissolved volatiles (like CO2) tend to shift the superspinodal region towards lower temperatures, whereas electrolytes (like NaCl) tend to extend the metastable field towards higher temperatures

Compulsory te reo Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand schools: A future-focused analysis

While support for compulsory te reo Māori in schools in Aoteaora New Zealand is growing, there is a risk that any future policy could fail, or be only poorly implemented, unless we understand more deeply the factors which shape effective language policy implementation in schools. In this paper we employ a ‘future policy analysis' to explore what it would take to effectively implement a compulsory te reo Māori policy in schools in the future. We report on interviews with twelve purposively selected stakeholders (including Māori, Pākehā, Chinese and Samoan teachers, principals and one Member of Parliament) to elicit from their experiences and reflections the key elements required to implement te reo Māori well in schools. Participants identified that prioritising and valuing te reo Maori was foundational and essential for any potential policy shift at both national and school level. In addition, participants elaborated on how teacher expertise, resourcing, time and leadership support through senior management was integral to successful adoption and implementation. The paper concludes by recommending urgent attention to a range of future-focused strategies that beginning right now could bring about transformational change in our schools and give te reo Māori the mana it deserves

Explosive properties of water in volcanic and hydrothermal systems

International audienceThis paper describes, from a thermodynamic point of view, the physicochemical conditions, under which water behaves as an explosive. This phenomenon occurs frequently in hydrothermal and volcanic systems when water is brutally shifted from its initial equilibrium state. Water (either liquid or gas) becomes metastable or unstable and reequilibrates by violent demixing of a liquid-gas mixture. In a first step, a phenomenological approach of metastability is given in a one-component perspective, introducing the notion of spinodals and delimiting the extent of metastable fields. The physical mechanisms (bubble nucleation, cavitation, spinodal decomposition), which are involved in these explosive transformations of water, are detailed in what relates to the natural eruption topic. The specific thermodynamic properties (P-v-T-H-U) of metastable water are presented by using the reference Wagner and Pruss equation of state. Then, the mechanical work produced by the different possible physical transformations, including decompression, vaporization, isobaric heating, and exsolution, involved in water explosions are quantified. The classic calculation of the energy balance under the reversible assumption is extended, proposing a pathway to take irreversibility into account. This model can be used to estimate magnitude of volcanic impacts from scaling laws based on explosion energies

PENGARUH RASIO KEUANGAN TERHADAP FINANCIAL DISTRESS PADA SEKTOR PROPERTI, REAL ESTATE, DAN KONSTRUKSI

This research aims to determine the effect of profitability, liquidity, leverage, activity, and sales growth on financial distress. This research was quantitative research with logistic regression as a data analysis technique. The research samples were 61 companies from the Property, Real Estate, and Construction Sectors listed on IDX in the 2018-2020 periods which were selected using the purposive sampling method. The results showed that profitability, liquidity, and activity significantly affected financial distress. Meanwhile, leverage and sales growth had an insignificant effect on financial distress. Therefore, companies as well as investors and creditors should consider financial ratios, especially profitability, liquidity, and activity as information material in assessing the company's financial distress condition.Keywords: Activity; Financial Distress; Leverage; Liquidity; Profitability; Sales Growt

The Problem-Solving Skills Profile of Tsanawiyah Islamic School Students in the Vibration, Wave, and Sound Learning Materials

The purpose of this study is to determine the profile of problem-solving instruments which applied in Tsanawiyah Islamic School on vibration, waves, and sound learning materials based on the expert validation assessment and student’s responses. This study used a pre-experimental design method, namely a one-shot case study and it was implemented in Tsanawiyah Islamic School. The sampling technique used purposive sampling using one class. Data collections used problem-solving skills instrument. The expert validation results showed that all of the instrument tests were very valid and it was declared fit for use. Student’s responses from 15 questions were valid because the instrument tests have difficulty level with medium category, although there was one number of the question has difficult category. The distinguishing power showed a good and a very good category although two numbers of questions were less categories. The problem-solving skills profile in Tsanawiyah Islamic School showed a good category in the expert validation noralthough student’s responses although there was a shortage. The limitation of the profile problem solving skills was hindsight from expert validation and students responses. The future research must be better and it can use appropriate learning model for this research like Model SEA-MEA (Self Efficacy Academic-Means Ends Analysis)