Новий погляд на проблему української бідності

Статья посвящена формированию нового взгляда на проблему украинской бедности через призму современных социально-экономических реалий в Украине и в мировом сообществе. В роботе рассматриваются различные определения бедности по монетарным и немонетарным признакам и их пригодность для оценки ситуации в Украине.The article is devoted to forming of the new look to the problem of Ukrainian poverty through the prism of modern socio-economic realities in Ukraine and in the world. Different criteria of poverty determination by monetary and nonmonetary signs and their fitness to the estimation of situation in Ukraine are examined

Дослідження глобалізаційних процесів вітчизняними вченими

Аналізуються окремі праці вітчизняних учених у сфері дослідження проблематики глобалізаційного розвитку. Розглянуті головні положення наукових поглядів авторів у вивченні процесів трансформації держави, суспільства, інститутів політики та пра­ва. Обгрунтовано пріоритети політичної інституціоналізації сучасного світу на заса­дах гуманізації, інтелектуалізації та соціалізації.Анализируются отдельные работы отечественных ученых в области исследования проблематики глобализационного развития. Рассмотрены главные положения научных взглядов авторов в изучении процессов трансформации государства, общества, инсти­тутов политики и права. Обосновано приоритеты политической институционализа­ции современного мира на основе гуманизации, интеллектуализации и социализации.Separate works of domestic scientists in area research problematics of globalization development are analyzed. The main positions of scientific views of authors in studying of processes of transformation of the state, a society, policy and right institutionalization are considered. It is proved priorities political institute the modern world on the basis of a human­ization, intellectualization and socialization

Down-regulation of a pectin acetylesterase gene modifies strawberry fruit cell wall pectin stracture and increases fruit firmness

Antisense-mediated down-regulation of several fruit-specific genes has previously demonstrated how the cell wall disassembly in strawberry fruit is mediated by a series of enzymes that act sequentially (Posé et al. 2011). An interesting example, the silencing of the polygalacturonase gene FaPG1, was also related with a significant increase of the post-harvest strawberry fruit firmness (Posé et al. 2013). Our research group has isolated a pectin acetylesterase gene, FaPAE1, which expression is enhanced during strawberry ripening. The main goal of this work was to elucidate the role of the degree of acetylation in cell wall integrity and fruit firmness through the antisense-mediated down-regulation of FaPAE1 in strawberry plants. Several transgenics lines were generated and 5 of them produced fruits 5-15% firmer than controls. Cell wall from ripe fruits was isolated from two independent transgenic lines and a control line, and sequentially extracted with different solvents (PAW, H2O, CDTA, Na2CO3). Modifications in fraction yield, its sugar composition and the degree of acetylation in each fraction were determined. Higher amounts of CDTA and Na2CO3 fractions were obtained in transgenic fruits, suggesting a decreased pectin solubilization as results of FaPAE1 silencing. Accordingly, the degree of acetylation of the Na2CO3-soluble pectins was greater in the transgenic lines than the control, but the opposite result was found in pectins from the CDTA fraction. These results suggest that PAE is preferentially active in pectis that are tightly bound to the cellulose-hemicellulose network and its activity could reduce the complexity of the cell wall structure, allowing that other hydrolytic enzymes could access the pectin chains. Thus, the increased fruit firmness observed in the transgenic FaPAE1 lines could be attributed to the direct effect of the silencing of the PAE enzyme and also to the indirect effect that the increase of the degree of acetylation of pectins has on the activity of other enzymes involved in the cell wall degradation. * Posé et al. (2011). Genes, Genomes and Genomics, 5 (Special Issue 1):40-48 * Posé et al. (2013). Plant Physiology, 150: 1022-1032 We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and competitivity and Feder EU Funds (grant reference AGL2011-24814), FPI fellowships support for SP (BES-2006-13626) and CP (BES-2009027985), and grant "Ramón y Cajal" support for AJMA (RYC-2011-08839).Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Rhamnogalacturonase lyase gene downregulation in strawberry and its potential on mechanical fruit properties

Strawberry softening is one of the main factors that reduces fruit quality and leads to economically important losses. Textural changes during fruit ripening are mainly due to the dissolution of middle lamellae, a reduction in cell-to-cell adhesion and the weakening of parenchyma cell walls as a result of the action of cell wall modifying enzymes. Functional studies of genes encoding pectinase enzymes (polygalacturonase, pectate lyase and -galactosidase) support a key role of pectin disassembly in strawberry softening. Evidence that RG-I may play an important role in strawberry texture has been obtained from the transient silencing of a RG-lyase gene. Pectins are major components of fruit cell walls and highly dynamic polysaccharides, but due to their heterogeneity the precise relation between the structures and functions is incomplete. In this work, stable transgenic strawberry lines with a rhamnogalacturonate lyase gene (FaRGLyase1) down-regulated have been analyzed. Several transgenic lines showing more than 95% silencing of FaRGLyase1 displayed fruit firmness values higher than control. Cell walls from these lines were extracted and analyzed by ELISA and Epitope Detection Chromatography (EDC). This last technique is based on the detection of specific cell wall oligosaccharide epitopes and provides information on sub-populations of pectins containing homogalacturonan and RG-I domains, but also reveals potential links with other cell wall polysaccharides such as xyloglucan. The results obtained indicate that the silencing of FaRGLyase1 reduces degradation of RG-I backbones, but also homogalacturonan, in cell walls, especially in pectin fractions covalently bound to the cell wall. These changes contribute to the increased firmness of transgenic fruits.This research was supported by FEDER EU Funds and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (grant reference AGL2014-55784-C2), a Marie Curie IEF within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (reference: PIEF-2013-625270) for SP and a FPI fellowship (BES-2015-073616) to support PR-V. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Confronting stresses affecting olive cultivation from the holobiont perspective

The holobiont concept has revolutionized our understanding of plant-associated microbiomes and their significance for the development, fitness, growth and resilience of their host plants. The olive tree holds an iconic status within the Mediterranean Basin. Innovative changes introduced in olive cropping systems, driven by the increasing demand of its derived products, are not only modifying the traditional landscape of this relevant commodity but may also imply that either traditional or emerging stresses can affect it in ways yet to be thoroughly investigated. Incomplete information is currently available about the impact of abiotic and biotic pressures on the olive holobiont, what includes the specific features of its associated microbiome in relation to the host’s structural, chemical, genetic and physiological traits. This comprehensive review consolidates the existing knowledge about stress factors affecting olive cultivation and compiles the information available of the microbiota associated with different olive tissues and organs. We aim to offer, based on the existing evidence, an insightful perspective of diverse stressing factors that may disturb the structure, composition and network interactions of the olive-associated microbial communities, underscoring the importance to adopt a more holistic methodology. The identification of knowledge gaps emphasizes the need for multilevel research approaches and to consider the holobiont conceptual framework in future investigations. By doing so, more powerful tools to promote olive’s health, productivity and resilience can be envisaged. These tools may assist in the designing of more sustainable agronomic practices and novel breeding strategies to effectively face evolving environmental challenges and the growing demand of high quality food products

The roots of olive cultivars differing in tolerance to Verticillium dahliae show quantitative differences in phenolic and triterpenic profiles

This work was supported by the grants PID2019-106283RB-I00, BES-2017-081269 and FPU19/00700 of the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MICIU)/Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI), and the grant RYC2021-032996-I funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by "European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR". This research was partially funded by FEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidad, Junta de Andalucia Transformacion Economica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Proyecto P20_00263; and FEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Economia y Conocimiento, Proyecto B-AGR-416-UGR18.Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by Verticillium dahliae, is a major concern in many olive- growing countries. An efficient VWO control measure is the use of tolerant/resistant cultivars. Low information is available about olive secondary metabolites and its relationship with VWO tolerance. In this study, a comprehensive metabolic profiling of the roots of six olive cultivars differing in their level of tolerance/susceptibility to VWO was addressed. Potential changes in the metabolite profiles due to the presence of the pathogen were also assessed. A strong relationship between the quantitative basal composition of the root secondary metabolic profile and VWO tolerance/susceptibility of olive varieties was found. Tolerant cultivars showed higher content of secoiridoids, while the susceptible ones presented greater amounts of verbascoside and methoxypinoresinol glucoside. The presence of V. dahliae only caused few significant variations mostly restricted to the earliest times after inoculation. Thus, a rapid activation of biochemical- based root defense mechanisms was observed.Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MICIU)/Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) PID2019-106283RB-I00, BES-2017-081269, FPU19/00700MCIN/AEI RYC2021-032996-IEuropean Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR RYC2021-032996-IFEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y UniversidadJunta de Andalucia Transformacion Economica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades P20_00263FEDER/Junta de Andalucia-Consejeria de Economia y Conocimiento B-AGR-416-UGR1

Babesia bigemina en bovinos del municipio Los Palmitos (Sucre, Colombia)

Bovine babesiosis is a disease that usually causes losses in the livestock sector, so it is necessary to diagnose early the haemoparasite in cattle. The aim of this study was the detection, by duplex pcr, of Babesia species that are present in cattle of the municipality of Los Palmitos in the department of Sucre, Colombia. For this, a sample of 218 individuals distributed in 12 farms, between the ages of three months and nine years was studied, through blood samples that were taken and analyzed by microscopic identification in blood smears with Giemsa stain, and by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with specific primers for the species Babesia bovis and B. bigemina. Three positive samples were obtained for Babesia bigemina by blood smear, corresponding to 1.4 % of the total samples; by pcr, five infected cattle were identified corresponding to 2.33 % of the total, detecting the haemoparasite B. bigemina, which corresponds to the samples identified by optical microscopy. Bovines positive for B. bigemina are asymptomatic; four of them males under two years of age, and only one female of three years of age. In Los Palmitos, B. bigemina is being actively carried by bovines, which remain as asymptomatic carriers of the infection.La babesiosis bovina es una enfermedad que suele causar pérdidas en el sector pecuario, por lo que es necesario el diagnóstico temprano del hemoparásito que la causa en los bovinos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue la detección mediante pcr dúplex de especies de Babesia que estén presentes en bovinos en el municipio Los Palmitos en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia. Para esto, se estudió una muestra de 218 individuos distribuidos en 12 predios, en edades comprendidas entre tres meses y nueve años, a los que se les tomaron muestras de sangre y se analizaron mediante identificación microscópica en frotis sanguíneo con coloración de Giemsa y por la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (pcr) con cebadores específicos para las especies Babesia bovis y B. bigemina. Se obtuvieron tres muestras positivas para B. bigemina por frotis sanguíneo, correspondientes al 1,4 % del total de las muestras; por pcr se identificaron cinco bovinos infectados correspondientes al 2,33 % del total, cuyo hemoparásito detectado fue B. bigemina, que obedece a las muestras identificadas por microscopia óptica. Los bovinos positivos para B. bigemina son asintomáticos; cuatro de ellos machos menores a dos años de edad y solo un individuo hembra de tres años de edad. En Los Palmitos, B. bigemina está siendo portada de manera activa por los bovinos, que se mantienen como portadores asintomáticos de la infección

Downregulation of NAC transcription factors modifies cell wall composition and increases strawberry fruit firmness

The strawberry is a soft fruit with a very short post-harvest shelf life. The changes in texture during fruit ripening are mainly due to the dissolution of the middle lamellae, reducing cell-to-cell adhesion, and the weakening of parenchymal cell walls as result of the action of cell wall modifying enzymes. At present, no master regulator of this process has been discovered yet. NAC transcription factors have been involved in numerous physiological processes, including fruit ripening. In strawberry, the NAC family comprises more than 110 genes, and at least 6 of them are expressed during fruit development. In this research, we performed a functional analysis of two ripening-related NAC genes, FaNAC2 and FaNAC3, in Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. Chandler. Several RNAi transgenic lines showing low FaNAC2 or FaNAC3 mRNA levels in fruit were obtained through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. These lines produced fruits significantly firmer than control at the ripe stage, being the increase in firmness higher in FaNAC2 silenced plants. Cell walls were extracted from ripe transgenic fruits and characterized by ELISA and Epitope Detection Chromatography (EDC), using monoclonal antibodies against different polysaccharide epitopes. FaNAC2 transgenic lines showed more extensive changes than FaNAC3; these modifications involved increased amounts of demethylated pectins (LM19) in water and CDTA fractions and an alteration of the lateral branches of RG-I, decreasing the amount of arabinan epitopes and increasing galactan epitopes detected by LM6 and LM5, respectively. The amount of arabinogalactan proteins recognized by the JIM13 antibody was also affected, decreasing in the Na2CO3 fraction and increasing in the 4M KOH and cellulase fraction of the transgenic lines.The results obtained indicate that NAC genes could be involved in the regulation of cell wall disassembly associated to strawberry fruit softening.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de compuestos fenólicos sulfonados en cavidad oral.

Los microorganismos son el primer factor etiológico de la enfermedad pulpar y periapical, por lo tanto si estos persisten en los túbulos dentinarios y  no se eliminan por completo pueden reinfectar el canal radicular y conllevar al fracaso del tratamiento endodóntico realizado. Las soluciones irrigantes son las encargadas de disolver los restos de tejido pulpar así como la destrucción bacteriana. En la actualidad a los Compuestos Fenólicos Sulfonados (CFS) se les atribuye una amplia gama de aplicaciones en el campo odontológico. Es por esto que el objetivo del presente trabajo  consistió en revisar de la literatura relacionada a la actividad antimicrobiana in vitro de Compuestos fenólicos Sulfonados sobre bacterias del conducto radicular. Para esto se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en la base de datos PubMed. De la búsqueda realizada no se encontraron resultados relacionados al objetivo propuesto; sin embargo, se discutieron cuatro artículos relacionados a los CFS. A partir de lo observado, se sugieren realizar estudios in  vitro e in vivo que sustenten el empleo de dichos compuestos en la práctica endodóntica

Isolation and transfection of strawverry protoplasts for gene editing

Strawberry is the most economically important soft fruit. The improvement of the organoleptic qualities of ripe fruit and the postharvest shelf life are main objectives of strawberry breeding programs. Fruit softening is mainly due to the disassembly of cell walls and the dissolution of middle lamella. In strawberry, functional analyses of genes encoding polygalacturonases (PGs) indicate that these enzymes play a key role in fruit softening, i.e. the antisense downregulation of PG genes FaPG1 or FaPG2 increased fruit firmness and postharvest shelf life (Paniagua et al., 2020). These results suggest that PG encoding genes are excellent targets for gene editing to improve strawberry fruit quality. Transfection of protoplasts with CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes is currently being explored in many species to produce DNA-free edited plants. In this research, a protocol for strawberry protoplasts transfection has been optimized with the final goal of producing non-transgenic strawberry plants with the FaPG1 gene edited. Protoplasts were isolated from 9 weeks old in vitro grown plants of Fragaria x ananassa, cv. ‘Chandler’, micropropagated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2 mg/L of BA. Protoplast extraction and purification was performed as described by Barceló et al. (2019). Using this protocol, a yield of 1 x 105 protoplast/g fresh tissue was obtained and nearly 50-70% of them were viable. Protoplasts were transfected with the plasmid pHBT-sGFP(S65T)-NOS using a PEG-mediated transformation system, as reported by Yoo et al. (2007). To improve the efficiency of protoplast transfection, different variables were evaluated: PEG concentration, time of incubation on PEG and DNA concentration. At 48 h after transfection, the highest percentage of protoplasts showing GFP expression, 18%, was obtained with 15 minutes incubation in 20% of PEG and 5 µg of DNA