Pollution atmosphérique et climat

National audienceClimate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels.Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition

Cell Cycle Phase-Specific Surface Expression of Nerve Growth Factor Receptors TrkA and p75NTR

[EN]Expression of the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors TrkA and p75NTR was found to vary at the surface of PC12 cells in a cell cycle phase-specific manner. This was evidenced by using flow cytometric and microscopic analysis of cell populations labeled with antibodies to the extracellular domains of both receptors. Differential expression of these receptors also was evidenced by biotinylation of surface proteins and Western analysis, using antibodies specific for the extracellular domains of TrkA and p75NTR. TrkA is expressed most strongly at the cell surface in M and early G1 phases, whereas p75NTR is expressed mainly in late G1, S, and G2 phases. This expression reflects the molecular and cellular responses to NGF in specific phases of the cell cycle; in the G1 phase NGF elicits both the anti-mitogenic effect, i.e., inhibition of the G1 to S transition, and the differentiation response whereas a survival effect is provoked elsewhere in the cell cycle. A model is proposed relating these responses to the surface expression of the two receptors. These observations open the way for novel approaches to the investigation of the mechanism of NGF signal transduction

Modelling regional air quality over decades : past and future trends in photochemical smog

International audienc

Pollution atmosphérique et climat

National audienceClimate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels.Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition

Are decadal anthropogenic emission reductions in Europe consistent with surface ozone observations ?

International audienceThe consistency between pollutant emission reductions in Europe during the 1990 - 2002 period and ozone observations is quantitatively verified by 13-year long simulations over the whole period using the regional chemistry-transport model and the EMEP emission inventory. A statistically significant decadal tendency of 0.65 ppb/year is found in the difference between simulated and observed summer 90th percentiles of ozone daily maxima when model emissions are kept constant from year to year. By contrast the use of yearly dependent emissions does not yield a statistically significant percentile difference tendency. The regional structure of the 90th percentile differences shows that emissions may have decreased with a higher rate than assumed in the U. K. and at a lower rate in central Europe. The observed 10th percentiles are also compatible with the assumed emission reductions in Europe during 1990 - 2002, but are of lesser agreement with simulations using a uniform trend in the baseline ozone

Pollution atmosphérique et climat

National audienceClimate change and air quality are closely related: through the policy measures implemented to mitigate these major environmental threats but also through the geophysical processes that drive them. We designed, developed and implemented a comprehensive regional air quality and climate modelling system to investigate future air quality in Europe taking into account the combined pressure of future climate change and long range transport. Using the prospective scenarios of the last generation of pathways for both climate change (emissions of well mixed greenhouse gases) and air pollutants, we can provide a quantitative view into the possible future air quality in Europe. We find that ozone pollution will decrease substantially under the most stringent scenario but the efforts of the air quality legislation will be adversely compensated by the penalty of global warming and long range transport for the business as usual scenario. For particulate matter, the projected reduction of emissions efficiently reduces exposure levels.Changement climatique et qualité de l'air sont intimement liés : à travers les politiques de gestion mises en oeuvre pour atténuer ces menaces environnementales majeures mais aussi à travers les processus géophysiques qui les gouvernent. Afin de pouvoir étudier l'évolution de la pollution atmosphérique en Europe en prenant en compte l'influence conjointe du changement climatique et du transport à longue distance, nous avons conçu, développé et mis en oeuvre un système complet de modélisation régionale du climat et de la qualité de l'air. En utilisant des scénarios prospectifs de dernière génération relatifs au changement climatique (émissions de gaz à effet de serre) mais aussi pour les polluants à courte durée de vie, nous avons pu proposer une quantification de l'évolution future de la qualité de l'air en Europe. D'après le scénario le plus volontariste, la pollution liée à l'ozone sera réduite de manière substantielle mais les efforts positifs induits par les politiques de gestion de la qualité de l'air seront contrebalancés par le changement climatique et le transport à longue distance pour le scénario statu-quo. En ce qui concerne les particules, les réductions d'émissions futures réduiront de manière efficace les niveaux d'exposition

Modelling the impact of global changes on summer european surface ozone levels at the 2050 horizon

As pointed by the IPCC, climate change and evolution of green house gases emissions in the coming decades are likely to affect regional pollution levels as well as the background ozone levels (Jacob et al., 1999) : first, the evolution of climate due to the increase of green house gas emissions is liable to induce modifications of the meteorological parameters of crucial interest for air quality. Secondly, the emissions of air pollutants will be affected by changes in population and energy demands as well as policy aiming to reduce global warming or pollution impacts. In order to assess the relative impact of climate change and change in green house gas emissions, a set of regional simulations is conducted using CHIMERE model. These simulations account for change in anthropogenic emissions of precursors from future scenarii, global background pollutant levels through appropriate boundary conditions from LMDz-INCA model, and future meteorological conditions reflectingAR5 scenario. For consistency, all these forcings are built on the same scenario: the RCP 8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathways, Riahi et al., 2007) developed in IPCC-AR5 framework for climate projections. TheRCP85 scenario used in this study is defined by a rising radiative forcing pathway leading to 8.5 W.m-2 in 2100.In the framework of AR5, this scenario refers to the most pessimistic case. Two long term simulations with CHIMERE model are conducted, reproducing present (1995-2005), future(2045-2055) conditions in emissions, climate, and boundary conditions. The simulated periods correspond to summer, running from July 1st to August 31st each year. A third set of simulations involves present climate and boundary conditions with future emissions

Refractivity Measurement by radar during the HYMEX Campaign

Weather radars, originally designed to detect and quantify precipitation, can be used to estimate and map the refractivity at low level, a proxy for humidity. As highlighted by previous studies, this presents a definite meteorological interest, both for numerical weather prediction and for atmospheric process studies. Recent works have given keys to perform high-accuracy measurements over operational radar without decreasing the quality of reflectivity and Doppler-wind classical measurements, and the retrieval of radar refractivity is now performed in real time with the Météo France ARAMIS operational network. Taking advantage of the HyMeX campaign (September-November 2012), refractivity measured by a few radars located in South-East France has been compared to in-situ measurement by Automatic Weather Stations, and the correlation between these two independent observations is quite good. This allows to go further in the evaluation by comparing radar measurements to refractivity from AROME and WRF numerical models. The result is generally fairly good, but differences are sometimes observed, suggesting that the assimilation of radar refractivity could improve the quality of weather forecasts. We finally illustrate the usefulness of refractivity mapping by radar, for prediction and for process studies, by showing typical meteorological cases (convection, sea breeze ...) observed during the HyMeX campaig