Determinants of Youth Unemployment: The Case of Areka Town, Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia

Presently days, the development of youth unemployment is one of the basic financial issues confronting Ethiopia by and large and the study area specifically. Nonetheless, this isn’t thought about the elements fueling youth unemployment in the examination zone. Considering this issue, this investigation is directed with destinations of distinguishing factors influencing youth unemployment, in Areka town of Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. The research focused on the quantitative data collection through household survey. The Multi-stage sampling design was used. In the 1st stage, Areka town was chosen purposively and in the 2nd stage 120 rural youths (18-34 age groups) were selected from Four Kebeles by using simple random sampling method. The primary data were collected from the 120 youths with the help of the constructed Interview schedule. The descriptive and inferential statistics along with Binary logit model were used to analyze the data.  Among all the respondents, 20.83 percent were employed, while 79.17 percent were unemployed at the hour of the examination. The econometric model investigation showed that Household Income, Job preference, Access to credit, Access to training and Cooperative membership have significant impact on Youth unemployment. Among this Job preference at 1% significant level, and the Household Income, Access to Credit, Access to training and Cooperative Membership  were at 5% significant level. Based on the discoveries of the examination: Provide accommodative credit access, improve wages of individual families and certain regions ought to be utilized specifically. Keywords: Unemployment status, Youth, Binary Logit Model, Inferential statistics, Job opportunities, Household Income, Credit, Training DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-17-05 Publication date:September 30th 202

Soil Fauna Diversity - Function, Soil Degradation, Biological Indices, Soil Restoration

Soil represents one of the most important reservoirs of biodiversity. It reflects ecosystem metabolism since all the bio-geo-chemical processes of the different ecosystem components are combined within it; therefore soil quality fluctuations are considered to be a suitable criterion for evaluating the long-term sustainability of ecosystems. Within the complex structure of soil, biotic and abiotic components interact closely in controlling the organic degradation of matter and the nutrient recycling processes. Soil fauna is an important reservoir of biodiversity and plays an essential role in several soil ecosystem functions; furthermore, it is often used to provide soil quality indicators. Although biodiversity was one of the focal points of the Rio conference, in the 1990s virtually no attention was paid to activities for the conservation of soil communities. However, with the new millennium, the conservation of soil biodiversity has become an important aim in international environmental policies, as highlighted in the EU Soil Thematic Strategy (2006), the Biodiversity Action Plan for Agriculture (EU 2001), the Kiev Resolution on Biodiversity (EU/ECE 2003) and afterwards in the Message from Malahide (EU 2004), that lay down the goals of the 2010 Countdown. Human activities frequently cause a degradation of soil environmental conditions which leads to a reduction in the abundance and to a simplification of animal and plant communities, where species able to bear stress predominate and rare taxa decrease in abundance or disappear. The result of this biodiversity reduction is an artificial ecosystem that requires constant human intervention and extra running costs, whereas natural ecosystems are regulated by plant and animal communities through flows of energy and nutrients, a form of control progressively being lost with agricultural intensification. For these reasons the identification of agricultural systems which allow the combination of production targets and environmentally friendly management practices, protecting both soil and biodiversity, is essential in order to prevent the decline of soil fauna communities in agricultural landscapes

Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Co-Digestion of Banana Fruit Peels and Poultry Manure

Substances have different degrees of degradability. Low degradability of substrates is one of the factors that hinder the production of biogas from organic substances. To overcome this low degradability of substrates, mixing is important for most of the substrates. With the aim of maximizing biogas yields from co-digestion of banana fruit peel and poultry manure, a series of experiments were carried out under mesophilic conditions at 38 ºC using batch digester operating for 25 days hydraulic retention time (HRT). Anaerobic degradability test with mix of 5 different proportions were carried out to obtain suitable mix ratio for maximum biogas production from co-digestion of BP and PM. The objective of this study was to determine the biogas yield from solo and co-digestion of BP and PM. Production of biogas through anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials provides an alternative environmentally, eco- friendly renewable energy. In all treatments; TS, VS, organic carbon and pH were measured before and after digestion. The daily biogas production was subsequently measured by water displacement method for 25 days. Gas production was noticed in all of the substrate types from the first day up to the 25th day of digestion. Assessment of cumulative biogas production revealed that substrates in mix ratios showed high biogas yield.  The highest yield was recorded insubstrate mix ratio of 50% BP+ 50% PM, suggesting that this mix ratio of the two substrates is an optimal mix to yield better amount of biogas. Overall results indicated that production of biogas yield from substrates and reduction in VS and TS can be significantly enhanced when BP and PM are co-digested. Keywords: Banana peel, Biogas, Co-digestion, Poultry manure, Total solids, Volatile solid DOI: 10.7176/JETP/10-2-03 Publication date: April 30th 202

The Misapplication of the Lautenberg Amendment in Voisine v. United States and the Resulting Loss of Second Amendment Protection

Over the past two decades, Congress has enacted various laws aimed at protecting victims of domestic violence. One such law is 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9), also known as the Lautenberg Amendment, which prohibits any person convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence from possessing a firearm. However, because the Second Amendment has been deemed a fundamental right by the Supreme Court, such a restriction on firearms possession is only permissible if it serves a compelling government interest. Unfortunately, since the Lautenberg Amendment was enacted in 1996, the courts have struggled to interpret its ambiguous terms, which has made it difficult to determine whether the governmental interest involved is compelling in all situations. In 2014, the Supreme Court extended the reach of the Lautenberg Amendment to misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence committed knowingly or intentionally. This decision furthered the aim of the Lautenberg Amendment by keeping guns out of the hands of violent domestic abusers, and thus satisfied the compelling purpose standard. However, in 2016, the Supreme Court further extended the reach of the Lautenberg Amendment in Voisine v. United States, holding that the law also extends to those convicted of reckless misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence. Under this decision, a person convicted of even a minor reckless infraction against a domestic relation will be prevented from owning or possessing a firearm. As this standard now applies to actions that are not inherently violent, this decision fails to further the policy of the Lautenberg Amendment and instead thrusts it into unconstitutional territory. Individuals can now be stripped of a fundamental constitutional right based on a conviction of a minor offense that is often only punishable by a fine. Therefore, the language of the Lautenberg Amendment needs to be clarified by Congress to better protect victims of domestic violence, and to ensure that the constitutional right to keep and bear arms is not lost in the process

Determination of Essential Mineral Contents in Salty Soils Used for Supplementary Food to Ruminants in Wolaita Zone

Minerals are essential for life to fulfil the needs of growth and production and to replace cells lost during the course of normal metabolism. On this account, they need to be replenished continuously through food, water or supplements. Although not well studied, rural people in Ethiopia have been using soil supplements for ruminants with the assumption to improve livestock production. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the mineral content in red and brown salty soils used for supplementary food to ruminants in Wolaita Zone and to compare the findings against the national standards, and forward appropriate recommendation. Representative samples of minerals were taken from different sites of SNNPR around Wolaita Zone, Humbo worada, near Lake Abaya to test the contents and concentration of elements. Sixteen Aduwaa(salty soil) samples were collected, air dried, any visible external particles were removed crashed, homogenized, sieved by using 2 mm mesh, accurately weighed, labelled in plastic bags and sent to mechanical and chemical laboratory and tested using XRF spectroscopy in South Africa and Ethiopian Conformity Assessment Enterprise, in Addis Ababa. One way ANOVA was used for test significance. The findings of XRF spectrometry test showed that there are more than forty six (46) elements in the soil sample. Among them Na (1.790 - 7.562%), Mg (0.461- 0.832%), P (0.023  - 0.092%), S (0.014 – 0.084%), K (2.722 – 3.186%), and Ca (0.404 – 0.844%) are essential macronutrients and Mn (0.190 – 0.216%), Fe (4.908 – 7.292%), Cu (0.00026 – 0.00062%), Co (0.00064 – 0.00089%) and Zn (0.016 - 0.032%), are essential micronutrients which can become toxic when the threshold limits for normal growth are exceeded. The study also showed Aduwaa did not contain heavy metals such as Ir and Hg which have; so far, unknown roles in living organisms, and are toxic even at very low concentrations. However, it contained Pb (0.00048 – 0.00076%), Cd (0.00025 – 0.00128%) and As (0.00425 – 0.00528%) in relatively at very low concentration. The sample contained Fe at extremely high concentration which have antagonistic role in copper absorption and metabolism. Keywords: Supplementation, macro and micro minerals, XRF spectrometer, ANOVA, Aduwaa, Boole, Ruminants, Calcinations

Advanced composites using non-autoclave processes: manufacturing and characterization

The objective of the present study is to develop non-autoclave processes to manufacture high performance composites for aerospace applications. In Paper 1, vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process was developed for elevated temperature composites. Use of VARTM process for fabricating high temperature resins presents unique challenges such as high porosity and low fiber volume contents. Two different vacuum bagging methods: Seeman Composite Resin Infusion Molding Process (SCRIMP) and Double Vacuum Bagging Infusion (DVBI) process were evaluated. Flow simulation tool was used to predict key flow parameters needed for the successful infusion. In Paper 2, honeycomb sandwich panels were manufactured using commercially available film adhesive and modified VARTM process. The resin incursion into the core openings is a major challenge for applying VARTM process to open cell core sandwich composites. Panels manufactured using the developed process did not show any resin accumulation in the core. The mechanical performance of the manufactured sandwich composites was evaluated. Results indicate that the VARTM process can be successfully used to manufacture honeycomb composite sandwich structures using currently available barrier adhesive films. In Paper 3, a new generation vacuum-bag-only cure out-of-autoclave (OOA) manufacturing process was studied. Physical and mechanical performance of the composites was evaluated. The influence of size, lay-up configuration, thickness and their interactions on the impact behavior of the composites was studied using Design of Experiments (DoE) --Abstract, page iv

Relationship between perineal muscular force in the puerperal period and the type of delivery

PURPOSE: to determine the values of perineal muscular force (PMF) in the lying and seated positions and to identify the values of PMF between first pregnancy, according to type and the characteristics of the vaginal delivery and cesarean section. METHODS: study of the transversal type, performed in a maternity of Brazilian Public the Health System (SUS) in the city of São Paulo. The sample consisted of 95 primiparae at term. Evaluation occurred between the 40th and 45 th, day with an interview, physical examination and measurement of PMF using a perineometer of the Kegel type. The measurement was carried out in the lying and seated positions, muscular status (at rest and in maximum contraction), and the average of three measures for each position and muscular state were considered. RESULTS: 76.8% (73) of the women had vaginal delivery and 23.2% (22) cesarean section. After vaginal delivery, intact perineum in 18.9%, (18), perineal rupture in 24.2% (23), and episiotomy in 33.7% (32) were observed. Obtained values of the PMF were: lying position muscular rest 18. 9 mmHg, lying position maximum contraction: 30,7 mmHg, seated position muscular rest: 34.5 mmHg, seated positions maximum muscular contraction: 46.5 mmHg. CONCLUSION: there was association between the type and the characteristics of the delivery and PMF.OBJETIVO: relacionar o tipo de parto e as características do períneo com valores da pressão muscular perineal (PMP) mensurada em primíparas nas posições deitada e sentada com a musculatura perineal em repouso e em contração máxima. MÉTODOS: estudo quantitativo do tipo transversal, realizado em maternidade conveniada ao Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) do município de São Paulo. A casuística, obtida por conveniência, foi de 95 primíparas de termo. A avaliação ocorreu entre o 40º e o 45º dia. Realizaram-se entrevista, exame físico e mensuração da PMP por meio do perineômetro de Kegel. A mensuração foi realizada nas posições deitada e sentada, com a musculatura em repouso e em contração máxima, sendo considerada a média de três aferições para cada posição e estado muscular. RESULTADOS: 76,8% (73) das primíparas tiveram parto vaginal e 23,2% (22) cesárea. No pós-parto vaginal, observou-se períneo íntegro em 18,9% (18), com rotura perineal em 24,2% (23) e com episiotomia em 33,7% (32). Os valores obtidos da PMP foram em: posição deitada/musculatura em repouso, 18,9 mmHg; deitada/musculatura em contração máxima, 30,7 mmHg; sentada/musculatura em repouso, 34,5 mmHg; sentada/musculatura em contração máxima, 46,5 mmHg. CONCLUSÃO: não houve associação entre o tipo de parto e as condições perineais e a pressão muscular perineal.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de EnfermagemMinistério da Saúde Área Técnica Saúde da MulherUNIFESP, Depto. de EnfermagemSciEL

A Study on Ordinary Portland Cement Blended with Rice Husk Ash and Metakaolin

Abstract. This paper tries to investigate the effect of replacing Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with Metakaolin (MK) and Rice husk ash (RHA) on the physicomechanical properties such as consistency, setting times, soundness and mortar compressive strength of ternary cement up to 40 % cement replacement. The soundness of the blended cement pastes and compressive strength of the blended mortars were conducted using Le Chatelier apparatus and Tonic Technic compression machine while the initial and final setting times were conducted on the blended cement paste using Vicat apparatus. Nineteen ternary cement mortars were prepared to comprise of OPC, RHA MK at different proportions and tested at 2, 7, 28 and 60 days. Results indicated that as RHA was gradually increased up to 25% at constant MK content, the volume expansion of the ternary cement paste increased gradually. On the other hand, as MK was increased from 5-25% at constant RHA, the volume expansion diminished. The water consistency of ternary cement paste experienced a variation as MK was increased up to 25 wt% at constant RHA up to 10 wt%. However, at 10 wt% constant RHA as MK was increased the water demand gradually increased. Similarly, an increase in RHA at constant MK increased the water demands of the ternary blends. An increase in RHA from 5-25 wt% at 5-25 wt% constant MK resulted in an acceleration in the initial and final setting times of cement blends. These accelerations could be attributed to the pozzolanic activity leading in shorter setting time. Whereas a series of accelerations and retardations of both setting times were experienced as the MK was increased from 5-25 wt% at 5-25 wt% constant RHA. It was observed that increment in the MK or RHA up to 10 wt% at constant RHA/MK up to 10 wt% resulted in improved mortar compressive strength of the ternary blend in comparison with control. This improvement was attributed to the high silica/alumina contribution to the matrix by MK inclusion, the C/S ratio in the cement matrix and RHA pozzolanic reactivity despite its unburnt carbon. All mortar compressive strength of the cement blends and control experienced an increase as the curing days were lengthened from 2 to 60 days. The enhanced strength compared with the control especially beyond 28 days could be attributed to the slow pozzolanic reaction resulting from the formation of additional CSH and CAH from the interaction of the residual CH and the silica available in the MK and RHA. The best compressive strength at 60 days was obtained at cement replaced with 15 wt% and 20 wt% at MK 5 wt% RHA producing a mortar compressive strength of 40.5 MPa

Evaluation of physical-chemical tests using control charts

Nowadays, the market demands are increasing in what respect the quality of the products, their price and theiravailability. To ensure a good participation in the market, companies need the implementation of a good QualityManagement System strengthening it and making it more competitive. Thus, the analytical laboratory must ensurethe quality of their essays to reduce or remove errors and, to prevent them indeed. The accreditation ISO 17025:2005establish the general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories. Certifying usedmethods; it makes laboratories to have a work structure perfectly documented so to ensure the quality of theobtained data. The most important element on data collection is the selection of the characteristics in study and thesite identification or control stages. Therefore, control chart (UNE-ISO 7870-1) is an essential tool of statisticalprocess control. It constitutes a graphic exposition of the obtained data, which will allow making a visual evaluationof the method variability. Thereby, the aim of this study is to generate a control chart that represents the datacollected to be analyzed over time. The tests to be studied are carried out on food and water. Nutritional elementssuch as protein, fat, ash, moisture and sugars are determined in foods, which include meats, fish and cereals.Regarding to water, a distinction is made between continental, consumption and wastewater and parameters such asconductivity, pH and turbidity are analyzed. The analysis of reference materials on a regular basis is included in theevaluation of each method. After evaluating the graphics, the results confirmed the stability of all certified assays,assuring the quality of the product and the reliability of the laboratory certified methods