Trends in utilization and off-label use of polyethylene glycol 4000 laxatives and the prevalence of constipation in children in France

Nawab Qizilbash1,2, Ignacio Mendez11OXON Epidemiology, Madrid, Spain, and London, UK; 2Department of Primary Care and Social Medicine, Imperial College, London University, UKPurpose: To determine trends in utilization and off-label use of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 in children and to determine the prevalence of constipation.Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional analyses were conducted from 1997 to 2007 in a French health care database comprising general practitioners and pediatricians. Patients prescribed PEG 4000 (Forlax®; Ipsen Pharma, Paris, France) were used to assess PEG 4000 use; constipation was defined by a diagnosis of constipation or use of any laxative. Analyses used linear regression models to fit trends over time.Results: The study sample consisted of a nationally representative sample of 1200 general practitioners with 1.6 million patient medical records and 100 pediatricians with 70,000 patient medical records. Data were available from 1997 to 2007 for general practitioners and from 2003 to 2007 for pediatricians and were extrapolated to the national level. Among both groups of physicians there were statistically significant increases in the number of patients prescribed 4 g. For the 10 g dose, there was a decline among pediatricians. The largest increases were in children aged 0–8 years and in females. The prevalence of constipation in children aged 0–18 years was 4%.Conclusion: There has been an increase in the use of PEG 4000 laxative in children, particularly in the younger ages and in females. Use of the 4 g dose has increased. There was considerable off-label use of PEG 4000 in children aged 0–8 years before the introduction of the 4 g pediatric dose, which reflected clinical need.Keywords: polyethylene glycol, macrogol 4000, children, drug utilization, database, laxative, off-label use, prevalence, constipation, time trend

Soil conservation with leguminous cover crops following deforestation of tropical steepland

The steeplands of Central America are being systematically deforested as population pressure dictates a need for an increase in subsistence agriculture. The combined effect of high rainfall and lack of conservation measures leads to high levels of soil erosion. In order to assess sustainable soil conservation technology, research was conducted in the mountainous agricultural area of Guinope, Honduras. Runoff and soil loss from a number of plots that were established on various ground slopes and under different land uses were measured during the 1994 and 1995 seasons. Natural and fired woodland were assessed to provide an indication of both baseline conditions and those associated with the initial stage of deforestation. Against these, the impacts of agriculture involving maize - Zea mays L.- with and without two leguminous cover crops - Mucuna sp. and Canavalia ensiformis (l)DC. - were assessed on ground sloping at 6, 11 and 18 degrees. Seasonal runoff under natural pine forest is shown to be 10 % that of maize agriculture on similar slopes while fired forest is 49 %. Of the cover crops, after a second year Mucuna is the most protective when intercropped with maize, giving runoff on 18 degree slopes which is 47 % that of maize grown by itself, compared with 51 % for Canavalia. On 11 degree slopes, Canavalia offers greater protection but here the difference between the two cover crops is marginal Soil erosion can be shown to be a function of ground slope. For maize grown by itself, soil losses from 6 and 11degree slopes are 13 % and 23 % those from 18 degree slopes. On two years of research Canavalia is more stable in giving protection. On 18 degree slopes, soil loss where Mucuna is intercropped is 43 % that under maize alone while for Canavalia it is 47 %. By comparison, the natural forest loses much less than 1 % that of the maize fields. This study clearly shows the vulnerability of steep lands that are being clear-felled. It also demonstrates the considerable advantages of using extensive green soil conservation technology in reducing soil erosion and prolonging the usefulness of land. This extends to relieving the pressure on virgin forest in a situation where population growth discourages long periods fallow as part of a form of shifting cultivation

Computational Search in Architectural Design

The objective of this PhD research is to investigate how best to use computational search processes in the early phase of design. Search algorithms are implemented in combination with parametric models of different kinds of geometry, with the purpose of studying various building performances. The early phase of design and the nature of the design problem are stud-ied to get an idea of the kind of search process that would best accompany architects during this phase. Multi-disciplinarity and contrasting objectives are singled out as fundamental required characteristics of such a process. This leads to the proposal of multi-disciplinary studies into architectural shapes, both in the realm of complex curved geometry and in more traditional orthogonal forms. The search process itself is studied in its capacity to generate solutions in a multi-objective setting. The process of selecting and formulating search problems, the parametrization of geometric families for study as well as the selection criteria for outstanding solutions are all topics of discussion. A particular type of algorithm called Genetic Algorithms is implemented and studied in length. Search processes are proposed for 3 architectural design fields: structural, acoustic and energy design

The Truncated Core for Games with Limited Aspirations

We define and study games with limited aspirations. In a game with limited aspirations there are upper bounds on the possible payoffs for some coalitions. These restrictions require adjustments in the definitions of solution concepts. In the current paper we study the effect of the restrictions on the core and define and study the so-called truncated core.games with limited aspirations, truncated core.

Acute-Stress Biomarkers in Three Octopodidae Species After Bottom Trawling

Several Octopodidae species have a great potential for the diversification of worldwide aquaculture. Unfortunately, the lack of stress-related biomarkers in this taxon results an obstacle for its maintenance in conditions where animal welfare is of paramount relevance. In this study, we made a first approach to uncover physiological responses related to fishing capture in Eledone moschata, Eledone cirrhosa, and Octopus vulgaris. Captured octopus from all three species were individually maintained in an aquaculture system onboard of oceanographic vessel in south-western waters of Europe. Haemolymph plasma and muscle were collected in animals at the moment of capture, and recovery was evaluated along a time-course of 48 h in Eledone spp., and 24 h for O. vulgaris. Survival rates of these species captured in spring and autumn were evaluated. Physiological parameters such as plasma pH, total CO2, peroxidase activity, lysozyme, hemocyanin, proteases, pro-phenoloxidase, anti-proteases, free amino acids, lactate and glucose levels, as well as muscle water percentage, free amino acids, lactate, glycogen and glucose values were analyzed. The immune system appears to be compromised in these species due to capture processes, while energy metabolites were mobilized to face the acute-stress situation, but recovery of all described parameters occurs within the first 24 h after capture. Moreover, this situation exerts hydric balance changes, as observed in the muscle water, being these responses depending on the species assessed. In conclusion, three Octopodidae species from south-western waters of Europe have been evaluated for stress-related biomarkers resulting in differentiated mechanisms between species. This study may pave the way to further study the physiology of stress in adult octopuses and develop new methodologies for their growth in aquaculture conditions

Aplicacion de los principios registrales, en el sistema registral chileno

104 p.El tema de los Principio Registrarles ocupa un lugar de especial importancia dentro del ámbito del derecho Registral Inmobiliario por lo que en esta oportunidad se realizo una aproximación a dichos principios en cuanto a conocer y entender su significado y observar cual es la aplicación que ellos tienen en el Sistema Registral Chileno. Nuestro principal objetivo fue conocer el significado de cada principio en particular, y además, difundir la elaboración doctrinaria que en torno a ellos se ha formulado por los diversos autores extranjeros, y principalmente por los autores nacionales quienes se encuentran mas cerca de nuestra realidad. Se realizo un análisis con respecto a conocer la aplicación en nuestros Sistema de cada principio en particular, todos ellos se encuentran presentes pero, muchos con una deficiente aplicación. Nuestra metodología consistió básicamente en un estudio Dogmático Jurídico, con una amplia revisión bibliografiíta, tanto de libros, Códigos y Leyes

Revisión bibliográfica para determinar calidad de vida y satisfacción, de pacientes con encefalopatía crónica no evolutiva sometidos a cirugía multinivel

Cecilia Mendez: Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossel. Montevideo Uruguay. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-9839-6928 Ignacio Pagano: Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossel. Montevideo Uruguay. Correo electrónico: [email protected] ORCID: 000-0003-4805-7543Nota de contribución: Este trabajo fue realizado por la Dra. Cecilia Méndez como trabajo de revision bibliográfica de primer año de la carrera de Especialista en Ortopedia y Traumatologia de la Uiversidad de la República. Siendo el tutor del mismo el Jefe de Clínica Dr. Ignacio Pagano.La calidad de vida relacionada a la salud se refiere a la percepción que tienen los sujetos sobre su estado de salud, y las actividades realizadas para mantener o mejorar la salud en su contexto sociocultural. La encefalopatía crónica no evolutiva es una lesión estática no progresiva que constituye la primera causa de disfunción motora en niños. La historia natural de la marcha y la función en esta población es el deterioro con el paso del tiempo. El tratamiento estándar es la cirugía multinivel. Objetivo: determinar los resultados sobre satisfacción, percepción de función y percepción de calidad de vida en niños con encefalopatía crónica no evolutiva luego de realizada la cirugía multinivel. Metodología: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura. Resultados: se seleccionaron 10 artículos de metodologías heterogéneas que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión. Los resultados arrojan una mejora en la percepción de función y calidad de vida. Conclusiones: es necesario ahondar más en la investigación sobre los resultados de la cirugía y en abordajes que incorporen la mirada de los pacientes y sus cuidadores.Health-related quality of life refers to the perception that subjects have about their state of health, and the activities carried out to maintain or improve health in their sociocultural context. Chronic non-progressive encephalopathy is a non-progressive static lesion that is the leading cause of motor dysfunction in children. The natural history of gait and function in this population is deterioration over time. The standard treatment is multilevel surgery. Objective: to determine the results on satisfaction, perception of function and perception of quality of life in children with nonprogressive chronic encephalopathy after multilevel surgery. Methodology: a bibliographic review of the literature was carried out. Results: 10 articles with heterogeneous methodologies that meet the inclusion criteria were selected. The results show an improvement in the perception of function and quality of life. Conclusions: it is necessary to delve deeper into research on the results of surgery and on approaches that incorporate the point of view of patients and their caregivers.A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde refere-se à percepção que os sujeitos têm sobre seu estado de saúde e as atividades realizadas para manter ou melhorar a saúde em seu contexto sociocultural. A encefalopatia crônica não progressiva é uma lesão estática não progressiva que é a principal causa de disfunção motora em crianças. A história natural da marcha e da função nesta população é a deterioração ao longo do tempo. O tratamento padrão é a cirurgia multinível. Objetivo: determinar os resultados sobre satisfação, percepção de função e percepção de qualidade de vida em crianças com encefalopatia crônica não progressiva após cirurgia multinível. Metodologia: foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica da literatura. Resultados: foram selecionados 10 artigos com metodologias heterogêneas que atendem aos critérios de inclusão. Os resultados mostram uma melhora na percepção de função e qualidade de vida. Conclusões: é necessário aprofundar as pesquisas sobre os resultados da cirurgia e sobre as abordagens que incorporem o olhar do paciente e de seu cuidador

Modeling the Mg I from the NUV to MIR. I. The solar case

Context. Semi-empirical models of the solar atmosphere are used to study the radiative environment of any planet in our Solar System. There is a need for reliable atomic data for neutral atoms and ions in the atmosphere to obtain improved calculated spectra. Atomic parameters are crucial to computing the correct population of elements through the whole stellar atmosphere. Although there is very good agreement between the observed and calculated spectra for the Sun, there is still a mismatch in several spectral ranges due to the lack of atomic data and the inaccuracies thereof, particularly for neutrals such as Mga» I. Aims. To represent many spectral lines of Mga» I from the near-ultraviolet to the mid-infrared correctly, it is necessary to add and update the atomic data involved in the atomic processes that drive their formation. Methods. The improvements made to the Mga» I atomic model are as follows: i) 127 strong lines, including their broadening data, were added. ii) To obtain these new lines, we increased the number of energy levels from 26 to 85. iii) Photoionization cross-section parameters were added and updated. iv) Effective collision strength (I' ij ) parameters were updated for the first 25 levels using the existing data from the convergent close-coupling calculations. One of the most significant changes in our model is given by the new I' ij parameters for transitions involving levels between 26 and 54, which were computed with a multiconfiguration Breit-Pauli distorted-wave (DW) method. For transitions involving superlevels, we calculated the I' ij parameters with the usual semi-empirical formulas. Results. More than 100 transitions were added to our calculations, increasing our capability of reproducing important features observed in the solar spectra. We found a remarkable improvement in matching the solar spectra for wavelengths higher than 30 000 Å when our new DW I' ij data were used in the model.Fil: Peralta, Juan Ignacio. Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Vieytes, Mariela Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Mendez, Marta Patricia Alejandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; ArgentinaFil: Mitnik, Dario Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentin

Diet diversity and anemia in postpartum women attending a state hospital in La Plata, Buenos Aires

Introducción: no se cuenta con información a nivel local de la relación entre la diversidad de dieta y la anemia en mujeres postparto, por lo que se propuso analizar dicha relación en un hospital público de La Plata. Materiales y método: se realizó un estudio analítico transversal en mujeres asistidas durante el primer año postparto, en un Observatorio de Salud del Hospital Sor María Ludovica de la ciudad de La Plata, entre agosto de 2018 y septiembre de 2019. Se obtuvieron datos personales y de laboratorio de las historias clínicas. Los alimentos relevados mediante recordatorios de 24 hs fueron categorizados en 10 grupos. Se consideró diversidad de dieta al consumo ≥5 grupos según el instrumento “Mínimo de diversidad dietaria para mujeres”. Se definió anemia como hemoglobina <12 g/dL. La asociación entre la anemia y diversidad de dieta se analizó mediante test exacto de Fisher y se comparó la media de hemoglobina utilizando test de Student. Resultados: se incluyeron 137 mujeres postparto, edad 26 (22;31) años, 53,7% argentinas. 12,4% presentó anemia. 63,5% tuvo diversidad de dieta. “Granos y cereales” fue el grupo más consumido (100%), seguido por “Carne, pollo y pescado” (92,7%) y “Otros vegetales” (85,4%). Los menos consumidos fueron “Legumbres” (6,6%) y “Nueces y semillas” (0,7%). No se halló una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre diversidad de dieta y anemia (p=0,18). Tampoco se halló diferencia en las medias de hemoglobina en mujeres con y sin diversidad de dieta (p=0,99). Conclusiones: la diversidad de dieta no se halló asociada a anemia en mujeres postparto que asisten a un hospital público, esto podría relacionarse a la alta frecuencia de consumo de carnes y cereales fortificados.Introduction: there is no information at local level on the relationship between diet diversity and postpartum anemia of women, so we intended to analyze this relationship in a state hospital in La Plata. Materials and method: a cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in women assisted during the first year postpartum, in the Health Observatory of Sor María Ludovica Hospital in La Plata city, between August 2018 and September 2019. Personal and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. Foods surveyed by 24-hour reminders were categorized into 10 groups. Dietary diversity was considered to be the consumption ≥5 groups, according to the “Minimum dietary diversity for women” instrument. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <12 g / dL. The association between anemia and diet diversity was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test and mean hemoglobin was compared using Student’s test. Results: 137 postpartum women were included, age 26 (22; 31), 53.7% Argentinian. 12.4% presented anemia. 63.5% had diet diversity. “Grains and cereals” was the most consumed group (100%), followed by “Meat, chicken and fish” (92.7%) and “Other vegetables” (85.4%). The least consumed were “Legumes” (6.6%) and “Nuts and seeds” (0.7%). No statistically significant association was found between diet diversity and anemia (p = 0.18). No difference was found in the hemoglobin means in women with and without diet diversity (p = 0.99). Conclusions: diet diversity was not associated with anemia in postpartum women attending a state hospital, this could be related to the high frequency of consumption of meats and fortified cereals.Fil: Kruger, Ana Luz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Ministerio de Salud. Dirección de Epidemiología. Residente de Epidemiología; ArgentinaFil: Mendez, Ignacio Agustin. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Ministerio de Salud. Hospital de Niños "Sor María Ludovica" de La Plata. Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas; Argentin

Quimi-canto: trabajo interdisciplinar de aprendizaje basado en proyectos de divulgación científica en la temática de uso de combustible fósil / Quimi-canto: trabalho interdisciplinar de aprendizagem baseado em projetos de divulgação científica na temática de uso de combustível fóssil

Los cambios en educación suelen ser graduales y lentos en comparación a la producción de otros ámbitos de la vida cotidiana. Cada generación es distinta una de otras desde su forma de afrontar los desafíos cotidianos, así como los desafíos basados en necesidades globales, lo que ha obligado a los organismos educativos a estar atentos frente a constantes modificaciones. Las metodologías más ligadas al constructivismo han contribuido con un papel protagónico en sus modificaciones, llevando al Estado de Chile a realizar un proceso de modificación progresivo, cuya implementación en su totalidad se terminó de implementar el año 2020