Effects of starch sources and processing on nutrient digestibility and ruminal parameters of lactating cows

Cinco vacas holandesas pluríparas, com cânulas no rúmen e no duodeno, foram distribuídas em delineamento de quadrado latino 5 x 5. As vacas foram submetidas a cinco rações experimentais contendo 40% de cana-de-açúcar, 60% de concentrado e cerca de 30% de amido. As rações diferiram quanto ao processamento ou à fonte principal do amido utilizado: milho grosseiramente moído, milho finamente moído, milho floculado a 310g/l, milho floculado a 360g/l ou raspa de mandioca. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no consumo de matéria seca entre os tratamentos. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido foi maior na ração que continha raspa de mandioca. As digestibilidades ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro e da fibra em detergente ácido não diferiram entre os tratamentos. Os dados médios de pH ruminal se mantiveram acima de 6,0, exceto às 2 e às 4h após a alimentação com a dieta que continha raspa de mandioca. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos sobre a concentração de ácidos graxos voláteis totais. O processo de floculação promoveu aumento da digestibilidade do amido do milho, em relação à moagem de forma grosseira. A digestibilidade ruminal do amido presente na raspa de mandioca foi maior do que a do milho, independentemente da forma de processamento utilizada.Five multiparous lactating Holsteins cows, cannulated in the rumen and proximal duodenum, were used in a 5 x 5 latin square. Cows were fed a 40:60 forage: concentrate diet (40% fresh sugar cane and 60% concentrate). Diets were formulated to have 30% of starch and treatments were starch sources and ration processing forms: cracked corn, finely ground corn, flaked corn at 310g/l, flaked corn at 360g/l, or cassava scrapings. No difference (P>0.05) was observed among treatments for dry matter intake. Starch ruminal digestibility was higher for cassava scrapings treatment. NDF and ADF digestibility were similar among treatments. Average values of ruminal pH were above 6, except at 2 and 4h after feeding the cassava diet. There was no effect of treatment on concentrations of total volatile fatty acids. The flocculation process increased corn starch digestibility. Ruminal degradability of the cassava scrapings starch was higher than corn, without effect of processing form

EpiReumaPt- the study of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in Portugal: a detailed view of the methodology

Rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMD) are prevalent and leading causes of disability and consumption of healthcare and social resources. EpiReumaPt is a national population-based survey developed by the Portuguese Society of Rheumatology that aimed to estimate the prevalence of RMDs and determine their impact on function, quality of life, mental health and use of healthcare resources. This article describes in detail the design, methodology and planned analyses of EpiReumaPt. Recruitment started in September 2011 and finished in December 2013. This study involved a three-stage approach. The first step was a face-to-face survey performed by trained interviewers at the household of 10,661 subjects who where randomly selected by a stratified multistage sampling. A highly sensitive screening questionnaire for RMDs was used. Secondly, participants who screened positive (64%) for at least one RMD as well as 20% of individuals with a negative screening were invited for assessment by a rheumatologist. In total, 3,877 subjects participated in this second phase, where they were also invited to donate a blood sample to be stored at the Biobanco-IMM. History and physical examination, followed by appropriate laboratory and imaging tests were performed. At the end of the visit, the rheumatologist established a diagnosis. Finally, a team of three experienced rheumatologists reviewed all the clinical data and defined the diagnoses according to previously validated criteria. The EpiReumaPt dataset, containing data from several questionnaires, various clinical measurements and information from laboratory and imaging tests, comprises an invaluable asset for research. The large amount of information collected from each participant and the large number of participants, with a wide age range covering and being representative of the adults from the entire country, makes EpiReumaPt the largest study of RMDs performed in Portugal

Influence of strain fields on flame propagation

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Lending Division - LD:D54426/85 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Design, Simulation And Hardware Implementation Of A Digital Television System: System Overview

In the year 2005 the Brazilian government supported many research consortia in order to develop an advanced Digital Television System employing the most recent technologies for multimedia broadcasting. One of the proposals for the physical layer of this system was entitled Innovative Modulation for the Brazilian Digital TV System (MI-SBTVD). The MI-SBTVD Project includes high performance error correcting codes, transmit spatial diversity and multi-carrier modulation. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of this Innovative Modulation System. The building blocks of the system, its characteristics and most relevant innovations are presented. The performance of the whole system under different channels is compared with the performance of the present-day Digital Television standards. © 2006 IEEE.193197(1995) Guide to the Use of the ATSC Digital Television Standard, , ATSC Document A-54Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) (1997) Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for digital Terrestrial television, , European Telecommunication Standard ETS 300 744, DVB-T, ETSICórdova, H., Boets, P., Van Biesen, L., Insight Analysis into Wi-MAX Standard and its trends, WWAN2005, p. 2005Amundsen, IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN - Draft Standard (1996) 2 nd IEEE Workshop on Wireless LANs, , Oct(1998) Terrestrial Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting (ISDB-T). Specification of Channel Coding, Framing Structure and Modulation, , ARIB, SeptemberBenedetto, S., Biglieri, E., Principles of Digital Transmission: With Wireless Applications (1999) Plenum Pub. Corp, p. 232(2000) Brazilian Tests on Digital Television Systems - Final Report, , ABERT/SET, Ma