Inhibitory control as a mediator of bidirectional effects between early oppositional behavior and maternal depression.

Maternal depression is an established risk factor for child conduct problems, but relatively few studies have tested whether children's behavioral problems exacerbate mothers' depression or whether other child behavioral characteristics (e.g., self-regulation) may mediate bidirectional effects between maternal depression and child disruptive behavior. This longitudinal study examined the parallel growth of maternal depressive symptoms and child oppositional behavior from ages 2 to 5; the magnitude and timing of their bidirectional effects; and whether child inhibitory control, a temperament-based self-regulatory mechanism, mediated effects between maternal depression and child oppositionality. A randomized control trial of 731 at-risk families assessed children annually from ages 2 to 5. Transactional models demonstrated positive and bidirectional associations between mothers' depressive symptoms and children's oppositional behavior from ages 2 to 3, with a less consistent pattern of reciprocal relations up to age 5. Mediation of indirect mother-child effects and child evocative effects depended on the rater of children's inhibitory control. Findings are discussed in regard to how child evocative effects and self-regulatory mechanisms may clarify the transmission of psychopathology within families

Alternative splicing produces transcripts encoding two forms of the α subunit of GTP-binding protein G_o

The α subunit of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein G_o ("o" for other) is believed to mediate signal transduction between a variety of receptors and effectors. cDNA clones encoding two forms of G_o α subunit were isolated from a mouse brain library. These two forms, which we call G_(o)Aα and G_(o)Bα, appear to be the products of alternative splicing. G_(o)Aα differs from G_(o)Bα over the C-terminal third of the deduced protein sequence. Both forms are predicted to be substrates for ADP-ribosylation by pertussis toxin. G_(o)Aα transcripts are present in a variety of tissues but are most abundant in brain. The G_(o)Bα transcript is expressed at highest levels in brain and testis. It is possible that G_(o)Aα and G_(o)Bα have different functions

Diversity of the G-protein family: sequences from five additional α subunits in the mouse

Biochemical analysis has revealed a number of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) that mediate signal transduction in mammalian systems. Characterization of their cDNAs uncovered a family of proteins with regions of highly conserved amino acid sequence. To examine the extent of diversity of the G protein family, we used the polymerase chain reaction to detect additional gene products in mouse brain and spermatid RNA that share these conserved regions. Sequences corresponding to six of the eight known G protein alpha subunits were obtained. In addition, we found sequences corresponding to five newly discovered alpha subunits. Our results suggest that the complexity of the G protein family is much greater than previously suspected

Characterization of G-protein α subunits in the Gq class: expression in murine tissues and in stromal and hematopoietic cell lines

Murine Gα14 and Gα15 cDNAs encode distinct α subunits of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). These alpha subunits are related to members of the Gq class and share certain sequence characteristics with Gαq, Gα11, and Gα16, such as the absence of a pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylation site. Gα11 and Gαq are ubiquitously expressed among murine tissues but G alpha 14 is predominantly expressed in spleen, lung, kidney, and testis whereas Gα15 is primarily restricted to hematopoietic lineages. Among hematopoietic cell lines, Gα11 mRNA is found in all cell lines tested, Gαq is expressed widely but is not found in most T-cell lines, Gα15 is predominantly expressed in myeloid and B-cell lineages, and Gα14 is expressed in bone marrow adherent (stromal) cells, certain early myeloid cells, and progenitor B cells. Polyclonal antisera produced from synthetic peptides that correspond to two regions of Gα15 react with a protein of 42 kDa expressed in B-cell membranes and in Escherichia coli transformed with Gα15 cDNA. The expression patterns that were observed in mouse tissues and cell lines indicate that each of the alpha subunits in the Gq class may be involved in pertussis toxin-insensitive signal-transduction pathways that are fundamental to hematopoietic cell differentiation and function

The abelian cosets of the Heisenberg group

In this paper we study the abelian cosets of the H(4) WZW model. They coincide or are related to several interesting three-dimensional backgrounds such as the Melvin model, the conical point-particle space-times and the null orbifold. We perform a detailed CFT analysis of all the models and compute the coset characters as well as some typical three-point couplings of coset primaries.Comment: 26 pages; v2: minor typos corrected, also added section 3.3 and 4.3 with a few comments on a third class of geometries that have not been discussed in v

Randomized trial of conventional transseptal needle versus radiofrequency energy needle puncture for left atrial access (the TRAVERSE-LA study).

BackgroundTransseptal puncture is a critical step in achieving left atrial (LA) access for a variety of cardiac procedures. Although the mechanical Brockenbrough needle has historically been used for this procedure, a needle employing radiofrequency (RF) energy has more recently been approved for clinical use. We sought to investigate the comparative effectiveness of an RF versus conventional needle for transseptal LA access.Methods and resultsIn this prospective, single-blinded, controlled trial, 72 patients were randomized in a 1:1 fashion to an RF versus conventional (BRK-1) transseptal needle. In an intention-to-treat analysis, the primary outcome was time required for transseptal LA access. Secondary outcomes included failure of the assigned needle, visible plastic dilator shavings from needle introduction, and any procedural complication. The median transseptal puncture time was 68% shorter using the RF needle compared with the conventional needle (2.3 minutes [interquartile range {IQR}, 1.7 to 3.8 minutes] versus 7.3 minutes [IQR, 2.7 to 14.1 minutes], P = 0.005). Failure to achieve transseptal LA access with the assigned needle was less common using the RF versus conventional needle (0/36 [0%] versus 10/36 [27.8%], P < 0.001). Plastic shavings were grossly visible after needle advancement through the dilator and sheath in 0 (0%) RF needle cases and 12 (33.3%) conventional needle cases (P < 0.001). There were no differences in procedural complications (1/36 [2.8%] versus 1/36 [2.8%]).ConclusionsUse of an RF needle resulted in shorter time to transseptal LA access, less failure in achieving transseptal LA access, and fewer visible plastic shavings

NACA Research Memorandums

Report presenting results for a canard bomber-type configuration designed for supersonic cruise flight at Mach numbers 2.50 and 2.87 and over a range of angles of attack and angles of sideslip. Results regarding longitudinal characteristics and lateral stability are provided. The original configuration was directionally unstable at low angles of attack, but satisfactory directional stability could be obtained using upper-surface vertical fins

Locally Finite Families, Completely Separated Sets and Remote Points

It is shown that if X is a nonpseudocompact space with a σ-locally finite π-base, then X has remote points. Within the class of spaces possessing a σ-locally finite π-base, this result extends the work of Chae and Smith, because their work utilized normality to achieve complete separation. It provides spaces which have remote points, where the spaces do not satisfy the conditions required in the previous works by Dow, by van Douwen, by van Mill, or by Peters. The lemma: Let X be a space and let {Cε: € \u3c α} be a locally finite family of cozero sets of X. Let {Zε: € \u3c α } be a family of zero sets of X such that for each € \u3c α, Zε с Cε. Then ∪ε\u3cα Zε is completely separated from X/∪εCε , is a fundamental tool in this work. An example is given which demonstrates the value of this tool. The example also refutes an appealing conjecture -- a conjecture for which the authors found that there existed significant confusion within the topological community as to its truth or falsity

Salivary Acinar Cells from Aquaporin 5-deficient Mice Have Decreased Membrane Water Permeability and Altered Cell Volume Regulation

Aquaporins (AQPs) are channel proteins that regulate the movement of water through the plasma membrane of secretory and absorptive cells in response to osmotic gradients. In the salivary gland, AQP5 is the major aquaporin expressed on the apical membrane of acinar cells. Previous studies have shown that the volume of saliva secreted by AQP5-deficient mice is decreased, indicating a role for AQP5 in saliva secretion; however, the mechanism by which AQP5 regulates water transport in salivary acinar cells remains to be determined. Here we show that the decreased salivary flow rate and increased tonicity of the saliva secreted byAqp5 − /− mice in response to pilocarpine stimulation are not caused by changes in whole body fluid homeostasis, indicated by similar blood gas and electrolyte concentrations in urine and blood in wild-type and AQP5-deficient mice. In contrast, the water permeability in parotid and sublingual acinar cells isolated from Aqp5 − /− mice is decreased significantly. Water permeability decreased by 65% in parotid and 77% in sublingual acinar cells fromAqp5 − /−mice in response to hypertonicity-induced cell shrinkage and hypotonicity-induced cell swelling. These data show that AQP5 is the major pathway for regulating the water permeability in acinar cells, a critical property of the plasma membrane which determines the flow rate and ionic composition of secreted saliva