Sampling types and population evolution of the spittlebug

O estudo desenvolveu-se em campo e em laboratório, com capim plantado em bandejas de plástico e infestado com ninfas. No campo, as amostragens foram bissemanais através da coleta de adultos por rede de varredura e contagem de espumas e ninfas em áreas de um metro quadrado. A evolução da população foi medida pelo desenvolvimento das ninfas e pela obtenção do número de gerações. Conclui-se que a amostragem da forma jovem pode ser feita pela contagem de espumas e que o estudo do desenvolvimento ninfal possibilita a determinação do número de gerações da cigarrinha. Em um ano, Deois flavopicta teve 3,3 gerações, cada uma com duração média de 79,7 dias, havendo sobreposição das gerações.The present work was conducted in field and in laboratory by using nymph-infested grass, grown in plastic trays. The field sampling was done at intervals of two weeks by collecting adults with sweeping nets and by counting the number of nymphs and spittles per square meter. The population evolution was measured by nymph development and by taking the number of generations attained. The results showed that sampling young form of spittlebug may be done by counting spittle and that the nymph development makes possible the determination of the generation number of the spittlebug. Deois flavopicta produced 3.3 generations in one year, taking each a mean of 79.7 days, with overlapping of the generation periods

Influence of climatic factors on the spittlebug population

Trabalho realizado em pastagem de braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens Stapf), para estudar a influência do clima e da precipitação pluvial sobre a população de cigarrinhas-das-pastagens (Homoptera - Cercopidae). Fez-se coleta de cigarrinhas, de duas em duas semanas, durante três anos. Contou-se o número de ninfas em áreas ao acaso, dentro de um metro quadrado, e os insetos adultos foram coletados com redes-de-varredura. Houve predominância da Deois flavopicta Stal (1854), com 91,2% de ocorrência. As cigarrinhas ocorreram no período de setembro/outubro a abril/maio, com pico das ninfas em fins de outubro; o pico dos insetos adultos variou, durante o período estudado. Onze parâmetros climáticos, simples e conjugados, foram correlacionados com a população de cigarrinhas, e destes, apenas a precipitação pluvial foi estatisticamente insignificante para adultos. Faixas favoráveis ao desenvolvimento populacional também foram determinadas, tendo-se evidenciado a ação do fator "umidade relativa x temperatura"; o balanço hídrico indicou condicionamento da ocorrência de cigarrinhas às épocas de reposição hídrica no solo.This work was carried out in a pasture of Brachiaria decumbens Stapf to study the influence of climate and rainfall on the population of spittlebug (Homoptera - Cercopidae). Sampling of spittlebugs was made at two-week intervals during three years. The number of nymphs was counted on randomized areas of one square meter and the adult insects were collected with sweeping nets. Deois flavopicta Stal was the commonest spittlebug that occurred at the rate of 91.2%. The highest frequences of the spittlebugs took place as from September/October to April/May. The nymphal peak occurred by the end of October, and the population peak of adults occurred evenly during the period time of the present study. Eleven climate factors studied singly and in combination were considered in relation to the spittlebug population of adult spittlebug. There was statistical significancy between all correlations except for rainfall and population. Means to know the favorable condition for spittlebug population development were also provided. Combined factors Relative Humidity x Temperature influenced greatly on the spittlebug population, as well as the hydric balance in the soil

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Atherosclerotic Plaque in Patients with Zero Calcium Score at Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography

<div><p>Abstract Background: In view of the high mortality for cardiovascular diseases, it has become necessary to stratify the main risk factors and to choose the correct diagnostic modality. Studies have demonstrated that a zero calcium score (CS) is characteristic of a low risk for cardiovascular events. However, the prevalence of individuals with coronary atherosclerotic plaques and zero CS is conflicting in the specialized literature. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of patients with coronary atherosclerotic plaques, their degree of obstruction and associated factors in patients with zero CS and indication for coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Methods: This is a cross-sectional, prospective study with 367 volunteers with zero CS at CCTA in four diagnostic imaging centers in the period from 2011 to 2016. A significance level of 5% and 95% confidence interval were adopted. Results: The frequency of atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary arteries in 367 patients with zero CS was 9.3% (34 individuals). In this subgroup, mean age was 52 ± 10 years, 18 (52.9%) were women and 16 (47%) had significant coronary obstructions (> 50%), with involvement of two or more segments in 4 (25%) patients. The frequency of non-obese individuals (90.6% vs 73.9%, p = 0.037) and alcohol drinkers (55.9% vs 34.8%, p = 0.015) was significantly higher in patients with atherosclerotic plaques, with an odds ratio of 3.4 for each of this variable. Conclusions: The frequency of atherosclerotic plaque with zero CS was relatively high, indicating that the absence of calcification does not exclude the presence of plaques, many of which obstructive, especially in non-obese subjects and alcohol drinkers.</p></div

Onze anos de experiência com emprego do anel intraluminal para tratamento das doenças da aorta

O tratamento cirúrgico das doenças da aorta é geralmente acompanhado de altas taxas de morbimortalidade. O paciente que tem média de idade avançada geralmente é apresentado ao cirurgião em estado grave, com má condição nutricional, muitas vezes com alterações em vários órgãos e sistemas causados pela própria doença aguda. A correção convencional exige técnicas coadjuvantes complexas e agressivas como a circulação extracorpórea prolongada, hipotermia profunda, parada circulatória total além de prolongados tempos de pinçamento de aorta. Na tentativa de reduzir a agressão cirúrgica no paciente já intensamente debilitado pela própria doença, desenvolvemos, em 1988, um anel intraluminal (1, 2) que tem medidas projetadas e experimentadas para facilitar a sua manipulação e anastomose, proporcionando uma diminuição acentuada no tempo de operação, tempo de CEC, tempo de pinçamento de aorta, excluindo muitas vezes a circulação extracorpórea e a hipotermia, obtendo uma anastomose fácil, rápida, segura e hemostática. Entre março de 1988 e janeiro de 1999, 432 pacientes foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico de dissecções ou aneurismas da aorta em nosso Serviço. Em 328 pacientes empregamos o anel intraluminal como técnica de anastomose. Usamos 489 anéis. Cento e vinte e cinco pacientes eram portadores de dissecção aguda de aorta do tipo A, 29 eram portadores de dissecção aguda de aorta do tipo B, 81 de aneurisma de aorta ascendente, 8 de aneurisma de arco aórtico, 28 pacientes eram portadores de aneurisma de aorta torácica descendente, 17 eram portadores de aneurisma toracoabdominal e 40 pacientes de aneurisma de aorta abdominal infra-renal. A mortalidade global foi de 13,41%. O seguimento ambulatorial destes pacientes variou de 11 anos a 25 dias. A curva actuarial de sobrevivência em 11 anos mostra 67,3%. Em nenhum caso observamos as complicações descritas na literatura, como embolia, formação de pseudo- aneurisma, roturas ou estenose. Concluindo, em nosso Serviço, o emprego de anel intraluminal facilita o ato cirúrgico, reduz o tempo de anastomose e o sangramento, proporcionando facilidade técnica, redução da mortalidade e boa perspectiva de sobrevida a longo prazo