96 research outputs found
Ăpandage des margines sur les sols agricoles : impacts environnementaux microbiologiques
LâĂ©pandage agricole des margines (effluents des moulins Ă huile dâolive) constitue une alternative parmi les solutions permettant de les valoriser, mais Ă condition que cette opĂ©ration soit contrĂŽlĂ©e et maĂźtrisĂ©e enrespectant les doses Ă appliquer. Cependant, une rĂ©ticence envers lâĂ©pandage demeure jusquâĂ nos jours, pour des craintes dâĂ©ventuelles incidences microbiologiques nĂ©gatives sur le sol. Ainsi, pour contribuer Ă soulever lâambiguĂŻtĂ© qui a dĂ» rĂ©sulter des avis souvent controversĂ©s envers la valorisation agricole des margines, ce travail a Ă©tĂ© menĂ© au niveau dâune exploitation agricole. En comparaison avec un sol non traitĂ© aux margines (tĂ©moin), les impacts environnementaux microbiologiquesde lâĂ©pandage de 25 et 50 m3/ha ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s, pendant quatre mois, au niveau de deux horizons (0-20 cm et 20-40 cm) dâun sol homogĂšne de texture sable limoneux. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© que les phĂ©nols provenant des margines ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©gradĂ©s ou rĂ©organisĂ©s au cours du deuxiĂšme mois aprĂšs lâĂ©pandage. Ni activation, ni inhibition de lâactivitĂ© de la microflore du sol nâont Ă©tĂ© constatĂ©es suite Ă lâĂ©pandage des doses Ă©tudiĂ©es.Mots-clĂ©s : margines, Ă©pandage, environnement, impacts microbiologiques
Evaluation de la tenue du partogramme dans une maternité universitaire
Introduction: La mortalitĂ© maternelle est un problĂšme majeur de santĂ© mondiale. Une grande proportion de ces dĂ©cĂšs serait Ă©vitable par des soins adĂ©quats, une aide Ă l'accouchement, la disponibilitĂ© des soins d'urgence et l'utilisation des outils d'aide Ă la dĂ©cision tels que le partogramme. L'objectif Ă©tait d'Ă©valuer l'Ă©cart entre ce qui est censĂ© ĂȘtre fait et ce qui est fait rĂ©ellement pour les diffĂ©rents paramĂštres situĂ©s dans le partogramme au sein d'une maternitĂ© de 3Ăšme niveau et Ă©laborer des recommandations pour la mise en place d'un plan d'action. MĂ©thodes: Il s'agit d'une Ă©tude descriptive rĂ©trospective par audit clinique, effectuĂ©e sur un Ă©chantillon de 400 dossiers obstĂ©tricaux des parturientes ayant accouchĂ©es dans la maternitĂ© du CHU Farhat Hached durant l'annĂ©e 2011. Le rĂ©fĂ©rentiel utilisĂ© est celui rĂ©alisĂ© par l'Agence Nationale d'AccrĂ©ditation et d'Evaluation en SantĂ© en l'an 2000, concernant la qualitĂ© de la tenue du partogramme. RĂ©sultats: La majoritĂ© des critĂšres d'Ă©valuation portant sur la prĂ©sentation du partogramme Ă©tait conforme. Deux critĂšres concernant la variĂ©tĂ© de la prĂ©sentation et le rythme cardiaque foetal Ă©taient non conformes parmi ceux portant sur la surveillance du foetus. Plusieurs critĂšres en rapport avec la surveillance de la mĂšre Ă©taient non conformes. Aucun des critĂšres portant sur les traitements administrĂ©s et les marqueurs d'Ă©vĂšnements n'est conforme. Les critĂšres portant sur la naissance et la surveillance immĂ©diate qui Ă©taient non conformes sont : le dĂ©but des efforts expulsifs, le mode d'accouchement, l'Ă©tat du pĂ©rinĂ©e, la dĂ©livrance et la rĂ©vision utĂ©rine. Conclusion: La vĂ©ritable dĂ©marche de l'audit clinique se doit d'aller au-delĂ du recueil et de l'analyse des donnĂ©es, le but final Ă©tant l'amĂ©lioration des pratiques
Prise en charge de lâatresie choanale
Introduction: LâatrĂ©sie choanale est une malformation congĂ©nitale rare mais non exceptionnelle. Le but de notre travail est dâĂ©tudier les caractĂ©ristiques Ă©pidĂ©miologiques, cliniques et radiologiques de cette pathologie, et de discuter les diffĂ©rentes modalitĂ©s thĂ©rapeutiques et leurs rĂ©sultats respectifs.MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes: Notre Ă©tude rĂ©trospective porte sur une sĂ©rie de 12 cas dâatrĂ©sie choanale opĂ©rĂ©s dans notre service entre 2002 et 2010. Tous les patients ont bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© dâun examen ORL et dâune tomodensitomĂ©trie du massif facial. Tous les patients ont Ă©tĂ© opĂ©rĂ©s sous anesthĂ©sie gĂ©nĂ©rale.RĂ©sultats: LâĂąge moyen Ă©tait de 10,7 ans (3 jours - 31 ans) et le sex-ratio Ă©tait de 2. Lâatteinte Ă©tait unilatĂ©rale dans 66,6% et bilatĂ©rale dans 33,3% des cas. Dans 16% des cas, lâatrĂ©sie rentrait dans le cadre dâun syndrome polymalformatif. La technique opĂ©ratoire utilisĂ©e Ă©tait la voie endoscopique dans 10 cas et la voie transpalatine dans 2 cas. Le taux de succĂšs global Ă©tait de 75%. Trois cas de rĂ©cidive ont Ă©tĂ© notĂ©s. Ils ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©opĂ©rĂ©s par voie endonasale.Conclusion: Lâendoscopie nasale et la TDM permettent le diagnostic positif de lâatrĂ©sie choanale. Le traitement de rĂ©fĂ©rence actuellement est la chirurgie par voie endonasale.Mots-clĂ©s: atrĂ©sie choanale, malformation, obstruction nasale, endoscopie, tomodensitomĂ©trie, chirurgie endonasal
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Womenâs pelvic floor muscle strength and urinary and anal incontinence after childbirth: a cross-sectional study
Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyse pelvic floor muscle strength (PFMS) and urinary and anal incontinence (UI and AI) in the postpartum period. METHOD Cross-sectional study carried out with women in their first seven months after child birth. Data were collected through interviews, perineometry (Peritronâą), and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF). RESULTS 128 women participated in the study. The PFMS mean was 33.1 (SD=16.0) cmH2O and the prevalence of UI and AI was 7.8% and 5.5%, respectively. In the multiple analyses, the variables associated with PFMS were type of birth and cohabitation with a partner. Newbornâs weight, previous pregnancy, UI during pregnancy, and sexual activity showed an association with UI after child birth. Only AI prior to pregnancy was associated with AI after childbirth. CONCLUSION Vaginal birth predisposes to the reduction of PFMS, and caesarean section had a protective effect to its reduction. The occurrence of UI during pregnancy is a predictor of UI after childbirth, and women with previous pregnancies and newborns with higher weights are more likely to have UI after childbirth.AI prior to pregnancy is the only risk factor for its occurrence after childbirth. Associations between PFMS and cohabitation with a partner, and between UI and sexual activity do not make possible to conclude that these variables are directly associated
Inhibition of Fungi and Gram-Negative Bacteria by Bacteriocin BacTN635 Produced by Lactobacillus plantarum sp. TN635
The aim of this study was to evaluate 54 lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains isolated from meat, fermented vegetables and dairy products for their capacity to produce antimicrobial activities against several bacteria and fungi. The strain designed TN635 has been selected for advanced studies. The supernatant culture of this strain inhibits the growth of all tested pathogenic including the four Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella enterica ATCC43972, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 49189, Hafnia sp. and Serratia sp.) and the pathogenic fungus Candida tropicalis R2 CIP203. Based on the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of the strain TN635 (1,540 pb accession no FN252881) and the phylogenetic analysis, we propose the assignment of our new isolate bacterium as Lactobacillus plantarum sp. TN635 strain. Its antimicrobial compound was determined as a proteinaceous substance, stable to heat and to treatment with surfactants and organic solvents. Highest antimicrobial activity was found between pH 3 and 11 with an optimum at pHâ=â7. The BacTN635 was purified to homogeneity by a four-step protocol involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, centrifugal microconcentrators with a 10-kDa membrane cutoff, gel filtration Sephadex G-25, and C18 reverse-phase HPLC. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified BacTN635, revealed a single band with an estimated molecular mass of approximately 4 kDa. The maximum bacteriocin production (5,000 AU/ml) was recorded after a 16-h incubation in Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) medium at 30â°C. The mode of action of the partial purified BacTN635 was identified as bactericidal against Listeria ivanovii BUG 496 and as fungistatic against C. tropicalis R2 CIP203
Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from a New Terrestrial Streptomyces sp. TN262
During our search for Streptomyces spp. as new producers of bioactive secondary metabolites, the ethyl acetate extract of the new terrestrial Streptomyces isolate TN262 delivered eight antimicrobially active compounds. They were identified as 1-acetyl-ÎČ-carboline (1), tryptophol (2), cineromycin B (3), 2,3-dihydrocineromycin B (4), cyclo-(tyrosylprolyl) (5), 3-(hydroxyacetyl)-indole (6), brevianamide F (7), and cis-cyclo-(l-prolyl-l-leucyl) (8). Three further metabolites were detected in the unpolar fractions using GCâMS and tentatively assigned as benzophenone (9), N-butyl-benzenesulfonamide (10), and hexanedioic acid-bis-(2-ethylhexyl) ester (11). This last compound is known as plasticizer derivatives, but it has never been described from natural sources. In this article, we describe the identification of the new Streptomyces sp. isolate TN262 using its cultural characteristics, the nucleotide sequence of the corresponding 16S rRNA gene and the phylogenetic analysis, followed by optimization, large-scale fermentation, isolation of the bioactive constituents, and determination of their structures. The biological activity of compounds (2), (3), (4), and those of the unpolar fractions was addressed as well
Possibilistic classifiers for numerical data
International audienceNaive Bayesian Classifiers, which rely on independence hypotheses, together with a normality assumption to estimate densities for numerical data, are known for their simplicity and their effectiveness. However, estimating densities, even under the normality assumption, may be problematic in case of poor data. In such a situation, possibility distributions may provide a more faithful representation of these data. Naive Possibilistic Classifiers (NPC), based on possibility theory, have been recently proposed as a counterpart of Bayesian classifiers to deal with classification tasks. There are only few works that treat possibilistic classification and most of existing NPC deal only with categorical attributes. This work focuses on the estimation of possibility distributions for continuous data. In this paper we investigate two kinds of possibilistic classifiers. The first one is derived from classical or flexible Bayesian classifiers by applying a probabilityâpossibility transformation to Gaussian distributions, which introduces some further tolerance in the description of classes. The second one is based on a direct interpretation of data in possibilistic formats that exploit an idea of proximity between data values in different ways, which provides a less constrained representation of them. We show that possibilistic classifiers have a better capability to detect new instances for which the classification is ambiguous than Bayesian classifiers, where probabilities may be poorly estimated and illusorily precise. Moreover, we propose, in this case, an hybrid possibilistic classification approach based on a nearest-neighbour heuristics to improve the accuracy of the proposed possibilistic classifiers when the available information is insufficient to choose between classes. Possibilistic classifiers are compared with classical or flexible Bayesian classifiers on a collection of benchmarks databases. The experiments reported show the interest of possibilistic classifiers. In particular, flexible possibilistic classifiers perform well for data agreeing with the normality assumption, while proximity-based possibilistic classifiers outperform others in the other cases. The hybrid possibilistic classification exhibits a good ability for improving accuracy
Smart cities and service integration
E-government advancements have not fully resolved the challenge
of providing citizens with a single entry point for services that
involve different government entities. The Smart Cities and
Service Integration project (hereafter, SmartCities) aims to
establish a framework for smart city service integration that would
assist in the management of large scale projects related to the
integration of services across governments. By using comparative
case studies of six cities (New York City, Seattle, Quebec City,
Mexico City, Macao, and Shanghai), the project aims to develop a
theoretical framework to guide smart cities service integration.
The project will highlight integration of public services and cross-boundary information sharing by focusing on specific policy
domains. An additional goal of this project is to develop research
capabilities of graduate students who participate in the research.
The research project is funded by the Social Sciences and
Humanities Research Council of Canada
Environmental risk assessments for transgenic crops producing output trait enzymes
The environmental risks from cultivating crops producing output trait enzymes can be rigorously assessed by testing conservative risk hypotheses of no harm to endpoints such as the abundance of wildlife, crop yield and the rate of degradation of crop residues in soil. These hypotheses can be tested with data from many sources, including evaluations of the agronomic performance and nutritional quality of the crop made during product development, and information from the scientific literature on the mode-of-action, taxonomic distribution and environmental fate of the enzyme. Few, if any, specific ecotoxicology or environmental fate studies are needed. The effective use of existing data means that regulatory decision-making, to which an environmental risk assessment provides essential information, is not unnecessarily complicated by evaluation of large amounts of new data that provide negligible improvement in the characterization of risk, and that may delay environmental benefits offered by transgenic crops containing output trait enzymes
Unification of soil feedback patterns under different evaporation conditions to improve soil differentiation over flat area
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