Four of Queens: Shuffling New Barbacenia from Brazil (Velloziaceae)

Four new species of Barbacenia Vand. (Velloziaceae) from Bahia and Minas Gerais, Brazil, are described. Barbacenia piranga Mello-Silva, B. serracabralea Mello-Silva, B. tuba Mello-Silva & N. L. Menezes, and B. vellozioides Mello-Silva combine characteristics ascribed to Aylthonia N. L. Menezes and Pleurostima Raf., which have been split from Barbacenia s.l. Barbacenia serracabralea shares leaf trichomes similar to those of Aylthonia, the anther insertion and stigmas of Pleurostima, and fruits similar to those of Barbacenia. Barbacenia piranga and B. tuba show tristichous phyllotaxis, serrulate leaf margins and basifixed anthers that would fit Pleurostima, but the long hypanthial tube, short apical, confluent stigmas lobes, and the loculicidal capsules of B. tuba correspond to those seen in Aylthonia. In B. vellozioides, the basifixed anthers and lateral stigma lobes would suggest placement in Pleurostima. Nevertheless, its capsule is not dehiscent by many intercostal openings, as in Pleurostima, but rather by apical pores. For these reasons, beyond obscuring the alleged distinctions among these three genera, these four are new entities. They are special also for their beauty and rarity.São descritas quatro espécies novas de Barbacenia Vand. (Velloziaceae), da Bahia e de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Barbacenia piranga Mello-Silva, B. serracabralea Mello-Silva, B. tuba Mello-Silva & N. L. Menezes, and B. vellozioides Mello-Silva combinam características atribuídas aos gêneros Aylthonia N. L. Menezes e Pleurostima Raf., desmembrados de Barbacenia s.l. Barbacenia serracabralea agrega tricomas foliares de Aylthonia, inserção das anteras e estigmas de Pleurostima e frutos de Barbacenia. Barbacenia piranga e B. tuba combinam filotaxia trística, folhas serruladas e anteras basifixas, que seriam típicas de Pleurostima, com tubo do hipanto longo, estigmas curtos e confluentes no ápice, e cápsulas loculicidas de B. tuba, que seriam típicas de Aylthonia. As anteras basifixas e os estigmas laterais de B. vellozioides sugeririam sua classificação em Pleurostima. No entanto, suas cápsulas são deiscentes por poros apicais e não por aberturas intercostais típicas de Pleurostima. Por isto, além de obscurecer as alegadas distinções entre esses três gêneros, elas constituem novas espécies. São distintas também por sua beleza e raridade.Thanks are due to the curators of the herbaria cited herein. Visits to herbaria have been supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Margaret Mee Amazon Trust, and the Andrew W. Mellon Kew Latin American Research Fellowships (KLARF) Programme. Thanks are given to Gisele Costa, Juliana Lovo, Tássia Santos, and Viviane Jono for their assistance with anatomic slides and micrograph pictures. The line art illustrations are exquisitely done by Rogério Lupo. Renato de Mello-Silva is a CNPq research fellow

Ecological Response to Global Change: Changes in C:N:P Stoichiometry in Environmental Adaptations of Plants

This review aims to discuss the state of the art of the stoichiometric ratio of foliar nutrients and their impact on adaptive mechanisms of plants to environmental change. Plant stoichiometry is an excellent way to study the multiple ratios across the nutrients in plants and their ecological interactions with the environment. It plays an important role in clarifying the responses of plants to various changes and their adaptation to different environments. However, anthropic activity can change the stoichiometric ratios of plants. In recent decades, anthropic activities have altered the cycle of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and carbon (C) in plants. This is due to excessive fertilizer application, increased global warming and increased atmospheric CO2 emissions, which can quickly limit the increase of production in plants, as they affect the process of acclimatization, which involves a series of changes in plant metabolism at different levels of organization (molecular, biochemical, anatomical and morphological). In this sense, in this new scenario of changes, new plant responses to stoichiometric changes and adaptive processes in the ecosystem have to be reviewed

Ephedranthus dimerus (Annonaceae), a new species from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, with a key to the species of Ephedranthus

A new species of Ephedranthus from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest is described and illustrated, and a preliminary key to the species of Ephedranthus is presented. Ephedranthus dimerus is the only species of the genus from the Atlantic Forest region and the first species of the genus with dimerous flowers. It is similar to E. guianensis in having narrowly obovate to elliptic leaves with similar dimensions and a cuneate to acute base. Nevertheless, the two species can be distinguished from each other by the number of monocarps per fruit and by the length of the stipe

Droseraceae do parque Estadual Do Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brasil

The Droseraceae species inventory of the Ibitipoca State Park is presented. The Park is located in Mantiqueira Range, between 21º40'15" - 21º43'30"S and 43º52'35" - 43º54'15"W. Within the Park there are several types of vegetation, such as altitude savannas, montane forests and mostly campos rupestres. The Droseraceae, a cosmopolitan distributed family with three genera and about 150 species is represented in Brazil only by the genus Drosera with about 30 species. Four species occur in the Park: Drosera communis, D. montana, D. tomentosa var. glabrata and D. villosa. Key for the species, descriptions, illustrations and comments about distribution and taxonomy are presented.Este trabalho apresenta o levantamento das Droseraceae do Parque Estadual do Ibitipoca. O Parque está situado na Cadeia da Mantiqueira, entre os paralelos 21º40'15" - 21º43'30"S e 43º52'35" - 43º54'15"W. Abriga diversas formações vegetais como cerrados de altitude, florestas montanas e principalmente campos rupestres. Droseraceae, uma família cosmopolita com três gêneros e cerca de 150 espécies, está representada no Brasil pelo gênero Drosera com cerca de 30 espécies. No Parque ocorrem quatro espécies: Drosera communis, D. montana, D. tomentosa var. glabrata e D. villosa. São apresentados chaves de identificação para as espécies, descrições, ilustrações e comentários sobre distribuição e taxonomia

Apocynaceae do Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais, Brasil

The Apocynaceae species inventory of the Ibitipoca State Park is presented. The Park is located in Mantiqueira Range, between 21º40'15" - 21º43'30" S and 43º52'35" -43º54'15" W. Within the Park there are several types of vegetation, such as altitude savannas, montane forests and mostly campos rupestres. The Apocynaceae, including Asclepiadoideae, has a cosmopolitan distribution, with about 415 genera and 4550 species, from which about 870 occur in Brazil, in a great range of habitats. Ten genera and 28 species occur in the Park.: Aspidosperma olivaceum, A. spruceanum, Blepharodon ampliflorum, Condylocarpon isthmicum, Ditassa acerosa, D. bicolor, D. conceptionis, D. cordata, D. laevis, D. linearis, D. mucronata, D. tomentosa, Forsteronia australis, F. velloziana, Jobinia lindbergii, Mandevilla atroviolacea, M. illustris, M. pohliana, M. sellowii, M. tenuifolia, Orthosia scoparia, Oxypetalum appendiculatum, O. insigne, O. lanatum, O. minarum, O. patulum, O. strictum, and Peplonia organensis. Keys for the genera and species, descriptions, illustrations, and comments about the distribution and phenology of the species are presented.Este trabalho apresenta o levantamento das Apocynaceae do Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca. O Parque está situado na Cadeia da Mantiqueira, entre os paralelos 21º40'15" a 21º43'30" S e 43º52'35" a 43º54'15" W. Abriga diversas formações vegetais como cerrados de altitude, florestas montanas e principalmente campos rupestres. A família Apocynaceae, incluindo Asclepiadaceae, é cosmopolita, com cerca de 415 gêneros e 4550 espécies, das quais cerca de 870 ocorrem no Brasil, em diferentes hábitats. No Parque ocorrem 10 gêneros e 28 espécies: Aspidosperma olivaceum, A. spruceanum, Blepharodon ampliflorum, Condylocarpon isthmicum, Ditassa acerosa, D. bicolor, D. conceptionis, D. cordata, D. laevis, D. linearis, D. mucronata, D. tomentosa, Forsteronia australis, F. velloziana, Jobinia lindbergii, Mandevilla atroviolacea, M. illustris, M. pohliana, M. sellowii, M. tenuifolia, Orthosia scoparia, Oxypetalum appendiculatum, O. insigne, O. lanatum, O. minarum, O. patulum, O. strictum e Peplonia organensis. São apresentados chaves de identificação para os gêneros e espécies, descrições, ilustrações e comentários sobre distribuição e fenologia

Annonaceae do Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca, Minas Gerais

The Annonaceae species from Ibitipoca State Park are presented. The park is located in Mantiqueira Range, between 21º40'15"to 21º43'30" and 43º52'35" to 43º54'15"W. Within the park, three types of vegetation are the most common: campo rupestre, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest. Annonaceae is well represented in tropical forests an three genera and five species of the family occur in the park: Annona dolabripetala, A. emarginata, A. Sylvatica, Guatteria pohliana and Xylopia frutescens. Key for the species, descripitions of genera and species, and illustrations of diagnostic features are presented.As espécies de Annonaceae do Parque Estadual de Ibitipoca são apresentadas. O parque está inserido na Cadeia da Mantiqueira, entre 21º40'15" a 21º43'30"S e 43º52'35" a 43º54'15"W. No parque, três tipos de vegetação são as mais comuns: campo rupestre, Cerrado e Floresta Atlântica. Annonaceae é bem representada em florestas tropicais e, no parque, ocorrem três gêneros e cinco espécies da família, todas da Floresta Atlântica: Annona dolabripetala, A. emarginata, A. sylvatica, Guatteria Pohliana e Xylopia frutescens. São apresentadas chaves de identificação, descrições dos gêneros e espécies e ilustrações dos caracteres diagnósticos das espécies

Os conflitos socioambientais e sua relação com a reclassificação e recategorização de unidades de conservação / Social and environmental conflicts and their relationship with the reclassification and downgrading of conservation units

The objective of the research is to identify which social and environmental conflicts are related to the process of downgrading and reclassification of Conservation Units (CU) in Brazil. With the perspective od identifying cases in different administrative spheres, since in Brazil a CU can be of administration: municipal, state and federal. The Nacional System of Conservation Units (SNUC) law nº 9.985/2000 divides CU into two large groups, full protection and sustainable use, which together present twelve management categories, according to each category uses and non-uses are allowed. Considering that some UCs were created prior to the SNUC law, there are some conflicts present in some territories, due to the creation of the UC, the reclassifications and recategorizations arise seeking to resolve these conflicts, it is important to identify the motivation that lead to these actions. The research followed a quantitative and qualitative approach, using as a data collection technique, document consultation and secondary data, which enabled the information found in the databases to be verified. 97 cases of recategorization and reclassification were identified in Brazil by 2018 in the three administrative spheres, with most cases concentrated in the state sphere, among the related socio-environmental conflicts are: regulation with the SNUC law, agricultural activities, tourism practice, permanence of the traditional population among others. The work reinforces the attention that cases of change in management category deserve, as different interests may be incumbent, seeking to meet different demands, it is important to verify the motivations so that the recategorization instrument does not reflect in an environmental setback