Three embeddings of the Klein simple group into the Cremona group of rank three

We study the action of the Klein simple group G consisting of 168 elements on two rational threefolds: the three-dimensional projective space and a smooth Fano threefold X of anticanonical degree 22 and index 1. We show that the Cremona group of rank three has at least three non-conjugate subgroups isomorphic to G. As a by-product, we prove that X admits a Kahler-Einstein metric, and we construct a smooth polarized K3 surface of degree 22 with an action of the group G.Comment: 43 page

Chagas Disease, France

Chagas Disease, Franc

Burden of paediatric Rotavirus Gastroenteritis (RVGE) and potential benefits of a universal Rotavirus vaccination programme with a pentavalent vaccine in Spain

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. The aim of the study was to assess the health outcomes and the economic impact of a universal rotavirus vaccination programme with RotaTeq, the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine, versus no vaccination programme in Spain.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A birth cohort was followed up to the age of 5 using a cohort model. Epidemiological parameters were taken from the REVEAL study (a prospective epidemiological study conducted in Spain, 2004-2005) and from the literature. Direct and indirect costs were assessed from the national healthcare payer and societal perspectives by combining health care resource utilisation collected in REVEAL study and unit costs from official sources. RotaTeq per protocol efficacy data was taken from a large worldwide rotavirus clinical trial (70,000 children). Health outcomes included home care cases, General Practioner (GP)/Paediatrician, emergency department visits, hospitalisations and nosocomial infections.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The model estimates that the introduction of a universal rotavirus vaccination programme with RotaTeq (90% coverage rate) would reduce the rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) burden by 75% in Spain; 53,692 home care cases, 35,187 GP/Paediatrician visits, 34,287 emergency department visits, 10,987 hospitalisations and 2,053 nosocomial infections would be avoided. The introduction of RotaTeq would avoid about 76% of RVGE-related costs from both perspectives: €22 million from the national health system perspective and €38 million from the societal perspective.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A rotavirus vaccination programme with RotaTeq would reduce significantly the important medical and economic burden of RVGE in Spain.</p

Burden of community-acquired and nosocomial rotavirus gastroenteritis in the pediatric population of Western Europe: a scoping review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Rotavirus affects 95% of children worldwide by age 5 years and is the leading cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea. The objective of this review was to estimate the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in the Western European pediatric population.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A comprehensive literature search (1999-2010) was conducted in PubMed and other sources (CDC; WHO, others). Data on the epidemiology and burden of RVGE among children < 5 years-old in Western Europe --including hospital-acquired disease--were extracted.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>76 studies from 16 countries were identified. The mean percentage of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) cases caused by rotavirus ranged from 25.3%-63.5% in children < 5 years of age, peaking during winter. Incidence rates of RVGE ranged from 1.33-4.96 cases/100 person- years. Hospitalization rates for RVGE ranged from 7% to 81% among infected children, depending on the country. Nosocomial RVGE accounted for 47%-69% of all hospital-acquired AGE and prolonged hospital stays by 4-12 days. Each year, RVGE incurred $0.54-$53.6 million in direct medical costs and $1.7-$22.4 million in indirect costs in the 16 countries studied. Full serotyping data was available for 8 countries. G1P[8], G2P[4], G9P[8], and G3P[8] were the most prevalent serotypes (cumulative frequency: 57.2%- 98.7%). Serotype distribution in nosocomial RVGE was similar.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This review confirms that RVGE is a common disease associated with significant morbidity and costs across Western Europe. A vaccine protecting against multiple serotypes may decrease the epidemiological and cost burden of RVGE in Western Europe.</p

Health and economic impact of rotavirus vaccination in GAVI-eligible countries

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Rotavirus infection is responsible for about 500,000 deaths annually, and the disease burden is disproportionately borne by children in low-income countries. Recently the World Health Organization (WHO) has released a global recommendation that all countries include infant rotavirus vaccination in their national immunization programs. Our objective was to provide information on the expected health, economic and financial consequences of rotavirus vaccines in the 72 GAVI support-eligible countries.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We synthesized population-level data from various sources (primarily from global-level databases) for the 72 countries eligible for the support by the GAVI Alliance (GAVI-eligible countries) in order to estimate the health and economic impact associated with rotavirus vaccination programs. The primary outcome measure was incremental cost (in 2005 international dollars [I$]) per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted. We also projected the expected reduction in rotavirus disease burden and financial resources required associated with a variety of scale-up scenarios.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Under the base-case assumptions (70$25 per vaccinated child (~$5 per dose), the number of countries with the incremental cost per DALY averted less than I$200 was 47. Using the WHO's cost-effectiveness threshold based on per capita GDP, the vaccines were considered cost-effective in 68 of the 72 countries (~94%). A 10-year routine rotavirus vaccination would prevent 0.9-2.8 million rotavirus associated deaths among children under age 5 in the poorest parts of the world, depending on vaccine scale-up scenarios. Over the same intervention period, rotavirus vaccination programs would also prevent 4.5-13.3 million estimated cases of hospitalization and 41-107 million cases of outpatient clinic visits in the same population.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our findings suggest that rotavirus vaccination would be considered a worthwhile investment for improving general development as well as childhood health level in most low-income countries, with a favorable cost-effectiveness profile even under a vaccine price ($1.5-$5.0 per dose) higher than those of traditional childhood vaccines.</p

Maxence Van der Meersch, herald of the common people

Cette thèse se propose d’examiner la place de Maxence Van der Meersch dans la littérature populaire, notamment en confrontant les choix esthétiques et les oeuvres romanesques de l’écrivain aux courants populiste et prolétarien, mais aussi en étudiant les rapports personnels que le romancier entretint avec le peuple. L’examen de ses idéologies sociales et politiques permet de mieux cerner un homme qui, fidèle à ses convictions, refusa d’intégrer un groupe qui ne le représentât pas intégralement et demeura ainsi inclassable tant sur le plan littéraire que politique. Les thèmes de prédilection du romancier sont passés en revue, femmes pécheresses, rachat par la souffrance, figures christiques, personnages d’hercules, etc. ; et l’analyse de ces différents poncifs et clichés, populaires ou non, conduit à une remise en questions des reproches de manichéisme et de simplification extrême souvent faits à l’écrivain. Si son engagement et sa volonté de convaincre l’amenèrent parfois à des prises de position très tranchées, la principale cause qu’il voulut défendre fut celle du peuple, pour lequel son attachement ne se démentit jamais. L’étude s’appuie sur les romans publiés et inédits de l’auteur, ainsi que sur les nombreux et précieux documents présents au Fonds Maxence Van der Meersch de Wasquehal et dans les archives Albin Michel à l’IMEC. Elle est complétée par des annexes qui exhument des textes jusque là restés inédits.This thesis proposes to examine Maxence Van der Meersch’s place in popular literature, especially by confronting the writer’s aesthetic choices and novels with populist and proletarian movements, and also by studying the personal relationship the novelist had with the popular classes. The examination of his social and political ideologies allows to grasp better a man who, true to his convictions, refused to integrate a group that would not have represented him entirely and therefore remained unclassifiable both in the political and literary fields. The novelist’s favourite themes are reviewed : sinful women, atonement by suffering, Christly figures, Herculean characters, etc. ; and the analysis of those different stereotypes and commonplaces, whether popular or not, leads to a questioning of the criticisms about Manicheism and extreme simplification that are often made to the writer. If his commitment and his will to convince sometimes induced him to very clear-cut standpoints, the main cause he wanted to defend was that of the workers, for whom his attachment was never denied. The study is based on published and unpublished novels of the author, and on the numerous and precious documents from the Maxence Van der Meersch Resource of Wasquehal and from Albin Michel archives at IMEC. It is completed with appendixes that bring to light so far unpublished texts

Infections sévères chez les personnes vivant avec le VIH sous l’ère des cART

Severe infections remain the main cause of hospitalization of PWH in both low- and high-income countries. The objectives were to estimate the incidence and determinants of these severe infections among PWH, using the French Hospital Database on HIV infection (ANRS CO4-FHDH). In the ANRS CO4-FHDH database, the incidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is associated with the highest mortality risk among opportunistic infections, decreased from 1.15 per 1,000 person-years (PY) (95% CI 0.98-1.31) to 0.49 per 1,000 PY (95% CI 0.37- 0.61) between 1997 and 2011. Sub-Saharan African origin had no protective effect, and injection drug users were at an increased risk of PML. cART initiation was associated with an excess of PML, which may be due to pre-existing lesions revealed by immune restoration. The incidence of severe bacterial infections decreased from 13.2 per 1,000 PY (95% CI 12.3-14.1) to 7.1 per 1,000 PY (95% CI 6.3-7.8) between 2005 and 2015. Regardless of cirrhosis, daily alcohol consumption of 40-80 g was associated with a 30% increased risk (95% CI 10-70%), and daily alcohol consumption above 80 g being associated with a 60% (95% CI 20-110%) increased risk of severe bacterial infection, compared to moderate consumption of less than 40 g per day. This excess risk could be explained by the immunosuppressive effect of alcohol. The risk of severe bacterial infection increased with the presence of co-morbidities affecting neutrophil function among diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cirrhosis and cancers. The increasing burden of multimorbidity could impact the life expectancy of PWH in the future.Les infections sévères restent la principale cause d'hospitalisation des PVVIH, aussi bien dans les pays à faibles ressources que dans les pays à ressources élevées. Les objectifs ont été d’estimer leurs incidences et leurs déterminants, en utilisant la base de données hospitalière française sur l’infection à VIH (ANRS CO4-FHDH). L’incidence de la leuco-encéphalopathie multifocale progressive (LEMP), associée au risque de mortalité le plus élevé parmi les infections opportunistes, a diminué de 1,15 (IC 95%, 0,98-1,31) à 0,49 (IC 95%, 0,37- 0,61) pour 1 000 Personne-Années (PA) entre 1997 et 2011. L'origine africaine n'avait pas d'effet protecteur alors que les individus usagers de drogues par voie intraveineuse étaient exposés à un risque accru. L'initiation de la cART était associée à un sur-risque de LEMP, probablement en révélant des lésions préexistantes par la restauration immune. L’incidence des infections bactériennes sévères a diminué de 13,2 pour 1 000 PA (IC 95%, 12,3-14,1) à 7,1 pour 1 000 PA (IC 95%, 6,3-7,8) entre 2005 et 2015. Indépendamment d’une cirrhose, une consommation quotidienne d’alcool de 40 à 80 g était associée à un risque accru de 30% (IC 95%, 10-70%), et une consommation supérieure à 80 g de 60% (IC 95%, 20-110%), en comparaison avec une consommation modérée inférieure à 40 g par jour. Ce sur-risque pourrait s’expliquer par l’effet immunosuppresseur de l’alcool. Le risque d’infection bactérienne sévère était augmenté en présence de comorbidités altérant la fonction neutrophile parmi diabète, maladie rénale chronique, cirrhose et cancer. Le poids croissant de cette multimorbidité pourrait impacter l’espérance de vie des PVVIH dans le futur

Severe infections among people living with HIV in the cART era

Les infections sévères restent la principale cause d'hospitalisation des PVVIH, aussi bien dans les pays à faibles ressources que dans les pays à ressources élevées. Les objectifs ont été d’estimer leurs incidences et leurs déterminants, en utilisant la base de données hospitalière française sur l’infection à VIH (ANRS CO4-FHDH). L’incidence de la leuco-encéphalopathie multifocale progressive (LEMP), associée au risque de mortalité le plus élevé parmi les infections opportunistes, a diminué de 1,15 (IC 95%, 0,98-1,31) à 0,49 (IC 95%, 0,37- 0,61) pour 1 000 Personne-Années (PA) entre 1997 et 2011. L'origine africaine n'avait pas d'effet protecteur alors que les individus usagers de drogues par voie intraveineuse étaient exposés à un risque accru. L'initiation de la cART était associée à un sur-risque de LEMP, probablement en révélant des lésions préexistantes par la restauration immune. L’incidence des infections bactériennes sévères a diminué de 13,2 pour 1 000 PA (IC 95%, 12,3-14,1) à 7,1 pour 1 000 PA (IC 95%, 6,3-7,8) entre 2005 et 2015. Indépendamment d’une cirrhose, une consommation quotidienne d’alcool de 40 à 80 g était associée à un risque accru de 30% (IC 95%, 10-70%), et une consommation supérieure à 80 g de 60% (IC 95%, 20-110%), en comparaison avec une consommation modérée inférieure à 40 g par jour. Ce sur-risque pourrait s’expliquer par l’effet immunosuppresseur de l’alcool. Le risque d’infection bactérienne sévère était augmenté en présence de comorbidités altérant la fonction neutrophile parmi diabète, maladie rénale chronique, cirrhose et cancer. Le poids croissant de cette multimorbidité pourrait impacter l’espérance de vie des PVVIH dans le futur.Severe infections remain the main cause of hospitalization of PWH in both low- and high-income countries. The objectives were to estimate the incidence and determinants of these severe infections among PWH, using the French Hospital Database on HIV infection (ANRS CO4-FHDH). In the ANRS CO4-FHDH database, the incidence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is associated with the highest mortality risk among opportunistic infections, decreased from 1.15 per 1,000 person-years (PY) (95% CI 0.98-1.31) to 0.49 per 1,000 PY (95% CI 0.37- 0.61) between 1997 and 2011. Sub-Saharan African origin had no protective effect, and injection drug users were at an increased risk of PML. cART initiation was associated with an excess of PML, which may be due to pre-existing lesions revealed by immune restoration. The incidence of severe bacterial infections decreased from 13.2 per 1,000 PY (95% CI 12.3-14.1) to 7.1 per 1,000 PY (95% CI 6.3-7.8) between 2005 and 2015. Regardless of cirrhosis, daily alcohol consumption of 40-80 g was associated with a 30% increased risk (95% CI 10-70%), and daily alcohol consumption above 80 g being associated with a 60% (95% CI 20-110%) increased risk of severe bacterial infection, compared to moderate consumption of less than 40 g per day. This excess risk could be explained by the immunosuppressive effect of alcohol. The risk of severe bacterial infection increased with the presence of co-morbidities affecting neutrophil function among diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cirrhosis and cancers. The increasing burden of multimorbidity could impact the life expectancy of PWH in the future

Efficacité et coût-efficacité de la vaccination contre le rotavirus dans les pays en développement et les pays développés

LILLE2-BU Santé-Recherche (593502101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF