O som ao redor: leituras, memória e ruína

Tese (doutorado)- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, Florianópolis, 2017.O objetivo da tese é propor modos de leitura para o filme O som ao redor. A análise é realizada a partir das noções de arquivo, tempo e imagem, formando uma teia literária de suporte para pensar a complexidade do filme. Para lançar hipóteses de leitura e interpretação para o filme mapeamos textos filosóficos, sociológicos e poéticos, que se conectam para pensar as relações residuais da casa grande no subúrbio de Recife. Forma-se uma teia de apoio teórico-crítica para pensar a complexidade do filme do qual se seleciona personagens-chave (Bia e Francisco) e figuras imagéticas recorrentes (a grade e a espiral) para nos auxiliar a perceber as passagens e as descontinuidades nos gestos (do antigo ao novo, da manufatura ao industrial) dos tempos (do arcaico ao atual) e dos contextos (regional ao global, das cenas enquadradas às contínuas). No filme estudado, a narrativa se desenvolve pela conexão espiralada dos fatos, assim, percebemos as idas e vindas do tempo, trazendo as transformações na passagem passado/presente na memória de uma açucarocracia, cujo impacto se sente nos dias de hoje.Abstract : The objective of this thesis is to propose modes of reading the film O Som ao Redor. The analysis is made having in mind the notions of archive, time and image, in order to form a literary net which allows us to think about the complexity of this film. In order to interpret it we map some philosophical, some sociological and some poetic texts which interconnect so that it is possible to notice the residual relations between the Masters and the Slaves in the suburbs of Recife. A network of both critical and theoretical support is then created to think the film?s complex editing. Key-charcaters (Bia and Francisco) and imagetical figures which are recurrent, respectively, the square and the spiral, help us to perceive the passages and the discontinuities in gestures (from the old one to the new, from manufacture to industrial) difference in times (from the archaic to the present) and contexts (regional/global, square scenes do continuous). In this film, narrative develops itself by the spiraled connections of facts, and thus we can perceive the tos and fros in time, bringing transformations in the bygones of a sugar-cane aristocracy whose impacts are felt today

Spatial memory in the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus)

Wild animals face the challenge of locating feeding sites distributed across broad spatial and temporal scales. Spatial memory allows animals to find a goal, such as a productive feeding patch, even when there are no goal-specific sensory cues available. Because there is little experimental information on learning and memory capabilities in free-ranging primates, the aim of this study was to test whether grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus), as short-term dietary specialists, rely on spatial memory in relocating productive feeding sites. In addition, we asked what kind of spatial representation might underlie their orientation in their natural environment. Using an experimental approach, we set eight radio-collared grey mouse lemurs a memory task by confronting them with two different spatial patterns of baited and non-baited artificial feeding stations under exclusion of sensory cues. Positional data were recorded by focal animal observations within a grid system of small foot trails. A change in the baiting pattern revealed that grey mouse lemurs primarily used spatial cues to relocate baited feeding stations and that they were able to rapidly learn a new spatial arrangement. Spatially concentrated, non-random movements revealed preliminary evidence for a route-based restriction in mouse lemur space; during a subsequent release experiment, however, we found high travel efficiency in directed movements. We therefore propose that mouse lemur spatial memory is based on some kind of mental representation that is more detailed than a route-based network map

Small-scale coexistence of two mouse lemur species (Microcebus berthae and M. murinus) within a homogeneous competitive environment

Understanding the co-occurrence of ecologically similar species remains a puzzling issue in community ecology. The species-rich mouse lemurs (Microcebus spec.) are distributed over nearly all remaining forest areas of Madagascar with a high variability in species distribution patterns. Locally, many congeneric species pairs seem to co-occur, but only little detailed information on spatial patterns is available. Here, we present the results of an intensive capture–mark–recapture study of sympatric Microcebus berthae and M. murinus populations that revealed small-scale mutual spatial exclusion. Nearest neighbour analysis indicated a spatial aggregation in Microcebus murinus but not in M. berthae. Although the diet of both species differed in proportions of food categories, they used the same food sources and had high feeding niche overlap. Also, forest structure related to the spatial distribution of main food sources did not explain spatial segregation because parts used by each species exclusively did not differ in density of trees, dead wood and lianas. We propose that life history trade-offs that result in species aggregation and a relative increase in the strength of intra-specific over inter-specific competition best explain the observed pattern of co-occurrence of ecologically similar congeneric Microcebus species

Ökologische Determinanten von Sozialsystemen: vergleichende und experimentelle Nahrungsökologie von zwei Mausmaki-Arten (<i>Microcebus berthae, M. murinus</i>)

Ein grundlegendes Modell zur Evolution von Sozialsystemen ist das sozioökologische Modell (SEM), welches Vorhersagen über kausale Zusammenhänge zwischen der Variabilität in der Verteilung von Ressourcen, des resultierenden Konkurrenz-Regimes und der sozialen Organisation und Sozialstruktur macht. Die Diversität der Gesellschaftsformen von Säugetieren wurde bisher vorwiegend an gruppenlebenden Arten untersucht, wohingegen Variabilität in Sozialsystemen solitärer Arten jedoch noch wenig verstanden ist. Das generelle Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, Vorhersagen des SEM zur Evolution von Sozialsystemen vergleichend an zwei nah verwandten sympatrischen solitären Mausmaki-Arten (Microcebus berthae und M. murinus) zu überprüfen. Beide Arten weisen große Ähnlichkeiten in grundlegenden life history- und sozialen Merkmalen auf, unterscheiden sich aber deutlich in den räumlichen und zeitlichen Verteilungsmustern der Weibchen. Seit Beginn dieser Langzeitstudie im August 2002 habe ich in einem Untersuchungsgebiet von 25ha im Forêt de Kirindy/CFPF (West-Madagaskar) 177 M. berthae und 291 M. murinus sympatrischer Populationen regelmäßig gefangen, vermessen und markiert. In 22 Monaten Feldaufenthalt zwischen März 2004 und November 2007 wurden in über 1700h Fokustierbeobachtung und Radiotelemetrie Daten zur Raumnutzung und zum Verhalten für 18 M. berthae und 17 M. murinus Weibchen gesammelt. Die Nahrungsökologie beider Arten habe ich mit Hilfe direkten Beobachtungen, Kotanalysen und der Analyse stabiler Stickstoff- und Kohlenstoff-Isotopen untersucht. Ganzjährige regelmäßige phänologische Aufnahmen und standardisierte Fänge von Arthropoden erlaubten eine Abschätzung der relativen Ressourcenverfügbarkeit im Habitat. Die wesentlichen Ergebnisse dieser Studie entsprechen den Vorhersagen des SEM. Sie zeigen, dass die Ressourcenverteilung und daraus resultierende Konkurrenz-Regimes Unterschiede in der räumlichen und zeitlichen Verteilung und der Sozialstruktur von solitären Arten erklären können. Dies konnte zusätzlich durch ein Feldexperiment bestätigt werden, in welchem Weibchen adaptiv auf manipulierte Nahrungsverteilung reagierten. Die Hauptnahrungsquellen von M. berthae sind klein und dispers verteilt, was starke Ausbeutungskonkurrenz begünstigt und zur räumlichen Vermeidung von Weibchen führt. Im Gegensatz dazu nutzen M. murinus vorwiegend geklumpt verteilte, höherwertige (große) Ressourcen. Diese Ressourcen sind monopolisierbar und begünstigen Interferenzkonkurrenz zwischen oder innerhalb von Gruppen, was räumliche Assoziationen von Weibchen ermöglicht. Zusätzlich hat auch die Ressourcenverfügbarkeit einen wichtigen Einfluss auf die räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung von Weibchen. Wegen großer Unterschiede in der Nahrungsnischenbreite und in der Art von Strategien, mit denen sie Zeiten von Nahrungsknappheit überstehen, sind Weibchen beider Arten davon unterschiedlich stark beeinflusst. Während M. murinus Weibchen saisonal inaktiv sind und vorhandene Nahrung opportunistisch nutzen, sind spezialisierte M. berthae Weibchen saisonaler Nahrungsknappheit stärker ausgesetzt, was die räumliche Dispersion von Weibchen weiter erhöht. Da beide Arten große Ähnlichkeiten in ihrer Nahrungsökologie und ihren Habitatansprüchen haben, besteht überdies zwischen-artliche Konkurrenz, was sich negativ auf die Nahrungsverfügbarkeit für kleinere M. berthae Weibchen auswirkt und kleinräumig zu gegenseitigem Ausschluss beider Arten führt. Lokale und regionale Koexistenz wird jedoch durch life-history trade-offs stabilisiert, die ein kleinräumliches Muster von Aggregationen der einen oder anderen Art bedingen. Zusammenfassend wurden mit dieser Arbeit vergleichende und experimentelle Daten über solitäre Primaten erhoben, die es ermöglichten existierende sozioökologische Theorien auf solitäre Arten zu übertragen und ein neueres Modell zur Koexistenz ökologisch ähnlicher Arten empirisch zu testen.The socio-ecological model (SEM) integrates ecological factors with characteristics of social systems and allows predictions about the relationships between resource distribution, type of competition and consequences for social organization and structure. Both theoretical and empirical research within this framework has mainly focused on explaining the evolution and maintenance of variation among group-living primates and other mammals. The main aim of this thesis was to illuminate ecological determinants of variation in the social organization and structure of solitary species, which exhibit yet unexplained diversity in these variables. I studied two nocturnal solitary primates (Microcebus berthae, M. murinus), which differ in two characteristics of female associations: (1) ranging patterns and (2) sleeping associations. Beginning in August 2002, I monitored individuals of sympatric populations in a 25ha study area in Kirindy Forest/CFPF (Madagascar) and (re-) captured and marked a total of 177 M. berthae and 291 M. murinus. Between March 2004 and November 2007, I recorded data on spatial patterns and behaviour of 18 M. berthae and 17 M. murinus females by means of direct observation and radio-tracking in more than 1700 hours. I quantified intra-specific differences in diet based on feeding behaviour, analysis of faecal samples, and stable nitrogen and carbon isotope analysis of hair and potential food sources. Relative resource availability was assessed by year-round phenological monitoring of trees and standardized capture of arthropods from different guilds. The main results supported basic predictions of the SEM and revealed that resource characteristics and the resulting competitive regimes did indeed relate to differences in female spatial-temporal patterns and social structure of solitary foragers. The major food sources of M. berthae occurred in small dispersed patches, leading to strong within-group scramble competition and over-dispersed females with a low potential for female associations. In contras t, M. murinus also used patchily distributed, high quality (large) resources. Within and between-group contest competition over these monopolizable resources allowed females of this species to cluster in space. When food distribution was experimentally manipulated, females of both species flexibly adjusted their spatial patterns. Moreover, food availability was identified as a major determinant of female spatial-temporal patterns, which affected these mouse lemur species unequally, mainly due to pronounced differences in feeding niche width and energy strategies to survive the lean season. In contrast to opportunistically feeding and seasonally inactive M. murinus, the more specialized M. berthae females experienced seasonally low food density, which enhanced female spatial avoidance. In addition, inter-specific competition between these ecologically similar mouse lemurs added substantial variation to the relative availability of resources for M. berthae and M. murinus females, respectively. Nevertheless, spatial competitive coexistence is possible due to life history trade-offs that result in species aggregation and a relative increase in the strength of intra-specific over inter-specific competition. In conclusion, the present study successfully applied existing socio-ecological theory to solitary foragers, tested a recent model on competitive coexistence and contributed a comparative data set to our understanding of inter-specific behavioural and ecological variation in solitary foragers

The Bruce effect revisited : is pregnancy termination in female rodents an adaptation to ensure breeding success after male turnover in low densities?

Pregnancy termination after encountering a strange male, the Bruce effect, is regarded as a counterstrategy of female mammals towards anticipated infanticide. While confirmed in caged rodent pairs, no verification for the Bruce effect existed from experimental field populations of small rodents. We suggest that the effect may be adaptive for breeding rodent females only under specific conditions related to populations with cyclically fluctuating densities. We investigated the occurrence of delay in birth date after experimental turnover of the breeding male under different population composition in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in large outdoor enclosures: one-male–multiple-females (n = 6 populations/18 females), multiple-males–multiple-females (n = 15/45), and single-male–single-female (MF treatment, n = 74/74). Most delays were observed in the MF treatment after turnover. Parallel we showed in a laboratory experiment (n = 205 females) that overwintered and primiparous females, the most abundant cohort during population lows in the increase phase of cyclic rodent populations, were more likely to delay births after turnover of the male than year-born and multiparous females. Taken together, our results suggest that the Bruce effect may be an adaptive breeding strategy for rodent females in cyclic populations specifically at low densities in the increase phase, when isolated, overwintered animals associate in MF pairs. During population lows infanticide risk and inbreeding risk may then be higher than during population highs, while also the fitness value of a litter in an increasing population is higher. Therefore, the Bruce effect may be adaptive for females during annual population lows in the increase phases, even at the costs of delaying reproduction.peerReviewe

Data from: Broad and flexible stable isotope niches in invasive non-native Rattus spp. in anthropogenic and natural habitats of central eastern Madagascar

Background: Rodents of the genus Rattus are among the most pervasive and successful invasive species, causing major vicissitudes in native ecological communities. A broad and flexible generalist diet has been suggested as key to the invasion success of Rattus spp. Here, we use an indirect approach to better understand foraging niche width, plasticity, and overlap within and between introduced Rattus spp. in anthropogenic habitats and natural humid forests of Madagascar. Results: Based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values measured in hair samples of 565 individual rodents, we found that R. rattus had an extremely wide foraging niche, encompassing the isotopic space covered by a complete endemic forest-dwelling Malagasy small mammal community. Comparisons of Bayesian standard ellipses, as well as (multivariate) mixed-modeling analyses, revealed that the stable isotope niche of R. rattus tended to change seasonally and differed between natural forests and anthropogenic habitats, indicating plasticity in feeding niches. In co-occurrence, R. rattus and R. norvegicus partitioned feeding niches. Isotopic mismatch of signatures of individual R. rattus and the habitat in which they were captured, indicate frequent dispersal movements for this species between natural forest and anthropogenic habitats. Conclusions: Since R. rattus are known to transmit a number of zoonoses, potentially affecting communities of endemic small mammals, as well as humans, these movements presumably increase transmission potential. Our results suggest that due to their generalist diet and potential movement between natural forest and anthropogenic habitats, Rattus spp. might affect native forest-dependent Malagasy rodents as competitors, predators, and disease vectors. The combination of these effects helps explain the invasion success of Rattus spp. and the detrimental effects of this genus on the endemic Malagasy rodent fauna

Investigating behavior and ecology of Aphaenogaster swammerdami (Formicidae) in selectively logged forest: 20 years later – a happy ant?

The impacts of logging have been widely studied at the community level, describing changes in species composition and richness, whereas the small-scale effects on behavior and ecology of single species have received less attention. We investigated whether the Malagasy wood ant Aphaenogaster swammerdami exhibits differences in colony density, colony size, and feeding ecology between three different sites within the Kirindy Forest (CNFEREF), a dry deciduous forest in central western Madagascar. Specifically, we compared undisturbed primary forest, a selectively logged area, and one site exposed to natural disturbance caused by an adjacent river. Transect surveys were used to record colony density as well as diameter of the mound as a predictor of colony size. Focal colonies were selected at all three sites to assess other aspects of colony size, i.e. the number and size of workers and the home range area. The feeding ecology of ants from all three sites was compared by using observational records on food quality and quantity, as well as stable isotope analyses of ant workers. We found that in selectively logged forest, colony density was lower and colony size larger than at the two other sites. Feeding behavior differed slightly, as colonies from selectively logged forest had a higher intake of animal food sources. Thus, we tentatively conclude that A. swammerdami, despite its opportunistic lifestyle, still exhibits responses to selective logging, which took place 20 years ago. Replicating these findings on a larger scale and determining the specific mechanisms leading to changes in lifestyle along disturbance gradients should be the focus of future studies

Broad and flexible stable isotope niches in invasive non-native Rattus spp. in anthropogenic and natural habitats of central eastern Madagascar

Abstract Background Rodents of the genus Rattus are among the most pervasive and successful invasive species, causing major vicissitudes in native ecological communities. A broad and flexible generalist diet has been suggested as key to the invasion success of Rattus spp. Here, we use an indirect approach to better understand foraging niche width, plasticity, and overlap within and between introduced Rattus spp. in anthropogenic habitats and natural humid forests of Madagascar. Results Based on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values measured in hair samples of 589 individual rodents, we found that Rattus rattus had an extremely wide foraging niche, encompassing the isotopic space covered by a complete endemic forest-dwelling Malagasy small mammal community. Comparisons of Bayesian standard ellipses, as well as (multivariate) mixed-modeling analyses, revealed that the stable isotope niche of R. rattus tended to change seasonally and differed between natural forests and anthropogenic habitats, indicating plasticity in feeding niches. In co-occurrence, R. rattus and Rattus norvegicus partitioned feeding niches. Isotopic mismatch of signatures of individual R. rattus and the habitat in which they were captured, indicate frequent dispersal movements for this species between natural forest and anthropogenic habitats. Conclusions Since R. rattus are known to transmit a number of zoonoses, potentially affecting communities of endemic small mammals, as well as humans, these movements presumably increase transmission potential. Our results suggest that due to their generalist diet and potential movement between natural forest and anthropogenic habitats, Rattus spp. might affect native forest-dependent Malagasy rodents as competitors, predators, and disease vectors. The combination of these effects helps explain the invasion success of Rattus spp. and the detrimental effects of this genus on the endemic Malagasy rodent fauna