Stock Market Interdependence and Trade Relations: A Correlation Test for the U.S. and Its Trading Partners

Based on the well-established trade relations between the U.S. and its major trading partners, this paper examines the robustness of the trade relation hypothesis which, in some recent studies, argues that difference in trade relations among countries can significantly explain difference in the stock market interdependence. The generalized VDC analysis is employed to measure the stock market interdependence, and the correlation test with bootstrap procedure is applied to test the hypothesis. The results indicate that the hypothesis is hardly as a general rule.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of principal lipid-soluble components of Pinellia ternate fermented with Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Meyerozyma guillermondii

Purpose: To study the differences in lipid-soluble compounds from naturally-fermented Rhizoma Pinelliae fermentata (BXQ) samples, and fermentation products of BXQ using pure cultures of Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger, and Meyerozyma guillermondii. Methods: First, unfermented BXQ (CTFJ-Q), traditional, naturally-fermented BXQ (CTFJ-H), and fermentation products of BXQ using pure cultures of Bacillus subtilis (XJFJ), Aspergillus niger (MJFJ), and Meyerozyma guillermondii (JMJFJ) were obtained. Their lipid-soluble components were then analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technology and principal component analysis (PCA). Results: GC-MS results showed that there were 26, 24, 27, 31 and 32 types of chemical components in CTFJ-Q, CTFJ-H, XJFJ, MJFJ and JMJFJ, respectively. Furthermore, PCA revealed that samples obtained using fermentation with pure cultures of the three microorganisms had unique chemical components. Conclusion: These results suggest that the microorganisms used for fermentation greatly influence the lipid-soluble components of BXQ. This finding is considered beneficial for the optimization of BXQ fermentation process

SARS-CoV-2: The Monster Causes COVID-19

Coronaviruses are viruses whose particles look like crowns. SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh member of the human coronavirus family to cause COVID-19 which is regarded as a once-in-a-century pandemic worldwide. It holds has the characteristics of a pandemic, which has broy -55ught many serious negative impacts to human beings. It may take time for humans to fight the pandemic. In addition to humans, SARS-CoV-2 also infects animals such as cats. This review introduces the origins, structures, pathogenic mechanisms, characteristics of transmission, detection and diagnosis, evolution and variation of SARS-CoV-2. We summarized the clinical characteristics, the strategies for treatment and prevention of COVID-19, and analyzed the problems and challenges we face

Reveal a hidden highly toxic substance in biochar to support its effective elimination strategy

With the aim to develop optimized biochar with minimal contaminants, it is important significance to broaden the understanding of biochar. Here, we disclose for the first time, a highly toxic substance (metal cyanide, MCN, such as KCN or NaCN) in biochar. The cyanide ion (CN−) content in biochar can be up to 85,870 mg/kg, which is determined by the inherent metal content and type in the biomass with K and Na increasing and Ca, Mg and Fe decreasing its formation. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis shows that unstable alkali oxygen-containing metal salts such as K2CO3 can induce an N rearrangement reaction to produce for example, KOCN. The strong reducing character of the carbon matrix further converts KOCN to KCN, thus resulting biochar with high risk. However, the stable Mg, Ca and Fe salts in biomass cannot induce an N rearrangement reaction due to their high binding energies. We therefore propose that high valent metal chloride salts such as FeCl3 and MgCl2 could be used to inhibit the production of cyanide via metal interactive reaction. These findings open a new point of view on the potential risk of biochar and provide a mitigation solution for biochar’s sustainable application

Glenea changchini Lin & Lin, 2011, sp. nov.

Glenea changchini sp. nov. (Figs 1–8) Description (based on three males): Male: length: 21.8 –24.0 mm, humeral width: 6.2–6.7 mm. Body dark violet. Head violet-black, with two light blue pubescent stripes on occiput, which extend around superior eye lobes and antennal tubercles. Frons with inferior eye lobes surrounded with light blue pubescent stripes which cross genae and reaching clypeus; tempora covered with light blue pubescence. Antenna red brown, basal three antennomeres darker and with light blue pubescence on ventral and inner sides, others with a faint grayish pubescence. Prothorax dark violet, pronotum with three light blue pubescent stripes (one median and one on each lateral margin) and each side with a large white patch around coxa (propleura pubescent). Scutellum with white or light blue pubescence. Elytron dark violet, with 9–11 snow-white or light blue markings (named in Fig. 3); A, B at basal fourth and C at apical fourth are more stable than others in both position and shape; D and d are smaller and sometimes absent; E-e, F-f and G-g forming oblique lines and sometimes confluent; e, f and g are quite variable in shape. Ventral surface reddishviolet; with several whitish maculae: mesepisternum, mesepimeron and most of metepisternum whitish pubescent; two patches on each side of apical abdominal segments 1–4; other parts with fulvous brown pubescence. Femora reddish-brown and glossy; tibiae and tarsi reddish-brown and with hair and pubescence, especially apical part of hind tibiae and tarsi densely covered with fulvousbrown hair and pubescence. Head slightly narrower than prothorax. Eyes medially emarginate, inferior eyelobes two times as high as genae below. Antennae relative slender, longer than body (9 th antennomere reaching elytral apex); antennomere ratio: male: 25: 5: 40: 30: 30: 27: 27: 23: 23: 22: 30. Last antennomere (Fig. 4) subdivided at apical third. Prothorax densely punctured, slightly narrower from base to apex. Elytron densely and coarsely punctured, gradually narrower apically, with 2 lateral carinae, neither from base nor reaching apex; apex transversely truncated, rounded at inner angle and with a very minute and scarcely perceptible tooth at outer angle. Legs slender, middle tibiae hardly grooved, hind femur reaching fourth abdominal segment, first hind tarsal segment subequal to following two segments combined. Tarsal claws simple. Male genitalia (Figs 5–7): Tegmen length about 3.4 mm; lateral lobes stout, each about 0.7 mm long and 0.3 mm wide, with a curved ridge at base; apex with fine setae shorter than half of lateral lobes; basal piece well-developed and not bifurcated; median lobe plus median struts slightly curved (Fig. 5 b), obviously longer than tegmen (22: 17); median struts more than half of whole median lobe in length; dorsal plate shorter than ventral plate; apex of ventral plate (Fig. 6) rounded; median foramen elongated, pointed at apex (angle about 30 degree); internal sac more than twice as long as median lobe plus median struts, with four pieces of basal armature (located at middle of median struts), two bands of supporting armature (very weak), and three rods of endophallus, rods subequal, each about 3.8 mm, longer than tegmen. Tergite VIII (Figs 8 a, 8 c) much broader than long, apex truncated to slightly emarginated, with moderate long setae at sides, setae in the middle shorter and sparser. Sternite IX subequal to ringed part of tegmen in length. Female unknown. Diagnosis. Though the external appearance is similar to G. diana, G. paradiana and G. subsimilis, this species differs not only by the pubescent markings, but also in the following characters: elytral apex rounded at the inner angle (usually bidentate in Glenea), claws simeple, and basal armature located at middle of median struts (usually located out of median lobe in other Glenea spp.). Etymology. The species is named after Mr. Changchin Chen (Tianjin, China), who offered the authors lots of material, support and kind help in various ways. Remarks. The species is similar to subgenera Rubroglenea (pronotal puncturation and elytral apex different) and Macroglenea (male claw, genitalia and elytral apex different). The genus Glenea, as considered here, includes a diverse, and probably multi-generic assemblage of species. For example, some Heteroglenea species were previously placed in Glenea (Lin et. al, 2009). To clarify the subgeneric and generic relationships, a world-wide study of Glenea is required. Distribution. China: Yunnan. Material examined. Holotype (23.0 mm long), male, China, Yunnan prov., Jinping county, Ma’andi, Biaoshuiyan (22 ° 44 'N 103 ° 29 'E), alt. 1350 m, 2010. V. 13, leg. Xiaodong Yang (IZAS, IOZ (E) 1859451). Paratypes: 1 male, Yunnan prov., Jinping county, Ma’andi, Biaoshuiyan (22 ° 44 'N 103 ° 29 'E), alt. 1350 m, 2010. V. 15, leg. Wenhsin Lin (CCCC); 1 male (21.8 mm long), same data (IZAS, IOZ (E) 1859452). Correction. In the paper “Eight species of the genus Glenea Newman, 1842 from the Oriental Region, with description of three new species (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Saperdini). Zootaxa, 2155: 1–22 ”, there is an error which needs correction. In Figures 25–26 on page 12, ‘ subrubricollis ’ in 25 L and 26 L should read ‘ nigrorubricollis ’. We thank Dr. Carolus Holzschuh (Villach, Austria) for bringing this to our attention.Published as part of Lin, Meiying & Lin, Wenhsin, 2011, Glenea changchini sp. nov. from Yunnan of China (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Saperdini), pp. 13-17 in Zootaxa 2987 on pages 13-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20811

Discovery of second new species of the genus Spiniphilus Lin & Bi, and female of Heterophilus scabricollis Pu with its biological notes (Coleoptera: Vesperidae: Philinae: Philini)

Bi, Wenxuan, Lin, Meiying (2015): Discovery of second new species of the genus Spiniphilus Lin & Bi, and female of Heterophilus scabricollis Pu with its biological notes (Coleoptera: Vesperidae: Philinae: Philini). Zootaxa 3949 (4): 575-583, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3949.4.

One new and seven newly recorded Callichromatini species from China (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Cerambycinae)

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