185 research outputs found
A new approach to measuring drinking cultures in Britain
First paragraph: When governments propose changes to alcohol policies, the announcement is often followed by public debate on the potential for the policy to change the country’s drinking culture. However, specifying what the drinking culture is, what is problematic about it, what it should be changed to, what interventions might trigger such a change and whether success has been achieved have all been problematic topics in alcohol policy discourse and the research literature
Local instability signatures in ALMA observations of dense gas in NGC7469
We present an unprecedented measurement of the disc stability and local
instability scales in the luminous infrared Seyfert 1 host, NGC7469, based on
ALMA observations of dense gas tracers and with a synthesized beam of 165 x 132
pc. While we confirm that non-circular motions are not significant in
redistributing the dense interstellar gas in this galaxy, we find compelling
evidence that the dense gas is a suitable tracer for studying the origin of its
intensely high-mass star forming ring-like structure. Our derived disc
stability parameter accounts for a thick disc structure and its value falls
below unity at the radii in which intense star formation is found. Furthermore,
we derive the characteristic instability scale and find a striking agreement
between our measured scale of ~ 180 pc, and the typical sizes of individual
complexes of young and massive star clusters seen in high-resolution images.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ Letter
Dyadic Coping Among Couples with COPD: A Pilot Study
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is associated with psychological distress for patients as well as their partners. Dyadic coping can be negatively impacted by stressors. This study's objective was to compare the dyadic coping of couples in which one partner suffered from COPD with healthy couples of the same age. A total of 43 complete couples with COPD and 138 healthy couples participated in this pilot study. The surveys were sent by mail. The response rate of the COPD sample was 24.3%. In order to analyze the effect of gender and role (patient vs. partner) on dyadic coping, linear mixed models were calculated. To analyze the effect of gender and group (COPD group vs. normative comparison group) on dyadic coping, two-way analyses of variance were calculated for independent samples. COPD patients and their partners indicated that the patients received more support and were less able to provide support to their partners. This difference was also evident in comparison with the normative comparison group. In addition, couples with COPD perceived higher levels of negative coping and provided a considerably lower assessment of their positive dyadic coping. The dyadic coping of couples with COPD is unbalanced and more negative when compared to that of healthy couples. Interventions aimed at supporting COPD couples should seek to improve couples' dyadic coping in addition to individual coping strategie
ALMA follows streaming of dense gas down to 40 pc from the supermassive black hole in NGC1097
We present a kinematic analysis of the dense molecular gas in the central 200
parsecs of the nearby galaxy NGC1097, based on Cycle 0 observations with the
Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA). We use the HCN(4-3) line
to trace the densest interstellar molecular gas, and quantify its kinematics,
and estimate an inflow rate for the molecular gas. We find a striking
similarity between the ALMA kinematic data and the analytic spiral inflow model
that we have previously constructed based on ionized gas velocity fields on
larger scales. We are able to follow dense gas streaming down to 40 pc distance
from the supermassive black hole in this Seyfert 1 galaxy. In order to fulfill
marginal stability, we deduce that the dense gas is confined to a very thin
disc, and we derive a dense gas inflow rate of 0.09 Msun/yr at 40 pc radius.
Combined with previous values from the Ha and CO gas, we calculate a combined
molecular and ionized gas inflow rate of 0.2 Msun/yr at 40 pc distance from the
central supermassive black hole of NGC1097.Comment: Accepted for Publication in the ApJ Letter
Metabolic landscape of the male mouse gut identifies different niches determined by microbial activities.
Distinct niches of the mammalian gut are populated by diverse microbiota, but the contribution of spatial variation to intestinal metabolism remains unclear. Here we present a map of the longitudinal metabolome along the gut of healthy colonized and germ-free male mice. With this map, we reveal a general shift from amino acids in the small intestine to organic acids, vitamins and nucleotides in the large intestine. We compare the metabolic landscapes in colonized versus germ-free mice to disentangle the origin of many metabolites in different niches, which in some cases allows us to infer the underlying processes or identify the producing species. Beyond the known impact of diet on the small intestinal metabolic niche, distinct spatial patterns suggest specific microbial influence on the metabolome in the small intestine. Thus, we present a map of intestinal metabolism and identify metabolite-microbe associations, which provide a basis to connect the spatial occurrence of bioactive compounds to host or microorganism metabolism
Submillimeter ALMA Observations of the Dense Gas in the Low-Luminosity Type-1 Active Nucleus of NGC 1097
We present the first 100 pc scale view of the dense molecular gas in the
central ~ 1.3 kpc region of the type-1 Seyfert NGC 1097 traced by HCN (J=4-3)
and HCO+ (J=4-3) lines afforded with ALMA band 7. This galaxy shows significant
HCN enhancement with respect to HCO+ and CO in the low-J transitions, which
seems to be a common characteristic in AGN environments. Using the ALMA data,
we study the characteristics of the dense gas around this AGN and search for
the mechanism of HCN enhancement. We find a high HCN (J=4-3) to HCO+ (J=4-3)
line ratio in the nucleus. The upper limit of the brightness temperature ratio
of HCN (v2=1^{1f}, J=4-3) to HCN (J=4-3) is 0.08, which indicates that IR
pumping does not significantly affect the pure rotational population in this
nucleus. We also find a higher HCN (J=4-3) to CS (J=7-6) line ratio in NGC 1097
than in starburst galaxies, which is more than 12.7 on the brightness
temperature scale. Combined from similar observations from other galaxies, we
tentatively suggest that this ratio appears to be higher in AGN-host galaxies
than in pure starburst ones similar to the widely used HCN to HCO+ ratio. LTE
and non-LTE modeling of the observed HCN and HCO+ lines using J=4-3 and 1-0
data from ALMA, and J=3-2 data from SMA, reveals a high HCN to HCO+ abundance
ratio (5 < [HCN]/[HCO+] < 20: non-LTE analysis) in the nucleus, and that the
high-J lines (J=4-3 and 3-2) are emitted from dense (10^{4.5} < n_H2 [/cc] <
10^6), hot (70 < Tkin [K] < 550) regions. Finally we propose that the high
temperature chemistry is more plausible to explain the observed enhanced HCN
emission in NGC 1097 than the pure gas phase PDR/XDR chemistry.Comment: 28 pages, 17 figures, 10 tables. Accepted to PAS
ALMA Observations of the Submillimeter Dense Molecular Gas Tracers in the Luminous Type-1 Active Nucleus of NGC 7469
We present ALMA Cycle 1 observations of the central kpc region of the
luminous type-1 Seyfert galaxy NGC 7469 with unprecedented high resolution
(0.5 0.4 = 165 pc 132 pc) at submillimeter wavelengths.
Utilizing the wide-bandwidth of ALMA, we simultaneously obtained HCN(4-3),
HCO(4-3), CS(7-6), and partially CO(3-2) line maps, as well as the 860
m continuum. The region consists of the central 1 component and
the surrounding starburst ring with a radius of 1.5-2.5. Several
structures connect these components. Except for CO(3-2), these dense gas
tracers are significantly concentrated towards the central 1,
suggesting their suitability to probe the nuclear regions of galaxies. Their
spatial distribution resembles well those of centimeter and mid-infrared
continuum emissions, but it is anti-correlated with the optical one, indicating
the existence of dust obscured star formation. The integrated intensity ratios
of HCN(4-3)/HCO(4-3) and HCN(4-3)/CS(7-6) are higher at the AGN position
than at the starburst ring, which is consistent to our previous findings
(submm-HCN enhancement). However, the HCN(4-3)/HCO(4-3) ratio at the AGN
position of NGC 7469 (1.110.06) is almost half of the corresponding value
of the low-luminosity type-1 Seyfert galaxy NGC 1097 (2.00.2), despite the
more than two orders of magnitude higher X-ray luminosity of NGC 7469. But the
ratio is comparable to that of the close vicinity of the AGN of NGC 1068
( 1.5). Based on these results, we speculate that some other heating
mechanisms than X-ray (e.g., mechanical heating due to AGN jet) can contribute
significantly for shaping the chemical composition in NGC 1097.Comment: Fixed typos in the title. 15 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables: accepted for
publication in ApJ. Comments welcom
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