Propiedad y libertad: una crítica a la teoría de la justicia de Hume desde el pensamiento de Simone de Beauvoir y una respuesta humeana

David Hume and Simone de Beauvoir agree that human beings have a great deal of control over their moral and political lives, which is well captured in Hume’s assertion that “mankind is an inventive species”. But Hume argues that the most important thing needed to settle our social lives and determine justice is the agreement on rules of property, while Beauvoir thinks that the rules of property will never be enough to establish the best life, but rather that we should be focusing on freedom. In this article we reconstruct Hume’s argument for property, then develop a Beauvoirian critique of Hume that brings out the weakness of any theory of property that does not prevent inequalities of property from interfering with freedom. And then we give the last word to a Humean response to Beauvoir that would insist that there can be no freedom but only violence without rules of property, which she ignores. Both thinkers appeal to humanity as an overriding goal, and perhaps that is the way to reconcile the two: we need both property and freedom to achieve our humanity.David Hume y Simone de Beauvoir están de acuerdo en que los seres humanos tienen un grado muy importante de control sobre sus vidas morales y políticas; lo que está muy bien captado en la afirmación de Hume de que “la humanidad es una especie inventiva”. Pero Hume argumenta que lo más importante a la hora de constituir nuestras vidas sociales y establecer la justicia es el acuerdo sobre las reglas de la propiedad, mientras que Beauvoir piensa que las reglas de propiedad nunca serán suficientes para establecer la vida mejor, sino que más bien deberíamos centrarnos en la libertad. En este artículo reconstruimos el argumento de Hume a favor de la propiedad, para desarrollar después una crítica basada en la perspectiva de Simone de Beauvoir que saca a la luz la debilidad de cualquier teoría de la propiedad que no evite que las desigualdades de propiedad interfieran con la libertad, Y después damos la última palabra a una respuesta humeana a Beauvoir que insistiría en que no puede haber libertad –sino solo violencia- sin reglas de propiedad, algo que ella ignora. Ambos pensadores recurren a la humanidad como el objetivo predominante, y quizás esta es la forma de reconciliarlos: necesitamos tanto de la propiedad como de la libertad para lograr nuestra humanidad

What is a Domain?: Understanding the domain term in Multi Domain Operations

There is an ongoing debate as to carry out Multi-Domain Operations and how to best prepare your force for it and implement the concept. However, neither the domain term itself, nor MDO as a resulting construct is unitarily understood among the participants in the debate. To contribute to this debate, this thesis poses the following three research questions. 1. How is the term Domain understood in the current MDO debate? a. What, if any variation has there been in the understanding of the Domain concept since MDO was launched as a concept in 2016/17? 2. Is there a correlation in the understanding of the Domain term and the understanding of the MDO concept? Is there a causal link between the understanding of the term and the understanding of the concept? If so, what is the dependent and what is the independent variable? 3. How can these relations, and their attendant understandings of MDO, affect small and medium states, with Norway as an example? By conducting a literary review of openly available government publications, primarily from the US, UK, NATO, and Norway, combined with different articles and contributions to the debate, a picture of the various interpretations and their implications can be painted. It is quickly apparent that the domain term is far from unitary in its understanding, but the origins and implications of the various interpretations are less clear. In addition, the variation does not appear to follow any set geographical, organisational, or chronological lines within the timeframe addressed, primarily from 2016 up until today. Furthermore, variations in the understanding or usage of the domain term appears to correlate with the understanding of MDO. However, the direction of a possible causal link, or if both are dependent on another variable cannot be ascertained with any degree of confidence from the available source material. This would seem to indicate that there may be several different relationships between the variables, depending on the writer in question. Based on this apparently fractured understanding of both the domain term and MDO as a concept, navigating the security environment becomes challenging for small states such as Norway. This is primarily because the various interpretations lead to significantly different adaptations of one’s posture and policy, with several of the adaptations having the potential of being mutually exclusive. In total this shows that the apparent lack of a common understanding of the terms and concepts discussed in this debate contributes to potential misunderstandings in aligning both force structure, doctrine, and general security policy. Given the potential cost associated with investing in the “wrong” structure or approach, this ambiguity is especially troubling for smaller states such as Norway with V relatively limited capacity to pursue multiple tracks of development and force structure. However, given the varying points of view and perspectives involved, a unitary understanding of the term and the concept is unlikely. It is therefore imperative that one is mindful of the perspectives of the various participants when trying to make sense of the debate

Crystal Growth Inhibition of Tetrahydrofuran Hydrates with Ring-Structured Amine Oxides

Gas hydrates are clathrate crystalline solids created when water and small gas molecules are subjected to high pressures and low temperatures. Gas hydrate formation is a major problem in the oil and gas industry as it can plug subsea pipelines and stop production. Many methods are used to prevent gas hydrate formation, including chemical treatments. Thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) and low-dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) are different chemical treatments used commercially today. LDHIs have two subclasses: kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) and anti-agglomerants (AAs). This thesis's first project aimed to synthesize and test a series of amine oxides with ring structures, either cycloalkyl or heterocyclic groups, to see if they had the potential to be KHI synergists or AAs in the oil and gas industry. The test method used is called the THF-hydrate crystal growth test, where the crystal growth is measured in grams/ hour. The cycloalkyl amine oxides showed excellent inhibiting performance of THF hydrates. Especially the amine oxides with 6- and 7-membered cycloalkyl groups alkylated with butyl and pentyl. They inhibited THF hydrates at certain concentrations better than TBAB, TPAB, TBAO, and TPAO and should be further tested on gas hydrate mixtures as potential KHI synergists or AAs. Different placements and numbers of the cycloalkyl groups on amine oxides were carried out to find the best cycloalkyl amine oxide inhibitor. It was confirmed that one cycloalkyl group bonded to an amine oxide increased the inhibiting performance as an alkylamine was butylated to compare. The different heterocyclic amine oxides (4000 ppm) gave poor inhibiting performances of THF hydrate. One exception was Di-n-butyltetrahydrofurfurylamine oxide which gave a better inhibition performance than the commercially used TBAB. The thesis's second project entailed comparing the inhibition of THF hydrates of the commercially used linear polymer Polyvinylcaprolactam (PVCap) with different branched polymers. This was evaluated by comparing the limiting concentration for zero growth (LCZG) on a THF rig. Unreliable results caused by the low water solubility of the branched polymers impacted the project´s success. Yet, the branched polymer trimethylolpropane triacrylate (60:1) with three branches showed a better LCZG (2100 ppm) than PVCap (3000 ppm)

Dynamic Contextualization of Learners Within Educational Systems Through a Vygotskian Lens: A Telling Case of Jesus Christ as an Educator

This study looked at Jesus Christ as a telling example of how transformative patterns of influence are exerted on learners by educators in educational systems. Based on concepts found in L.S. Vygotsky’s work, this study found these patterns acting as a current or stream of consistent aims and meanings introduced and reinforced by educators in the form of practices and methods that generated momentum toward/around desired learner responses. This study’s insights into these patterns of influence as employed by Christ during his ministry and as experienced by his learners provided new means of both interpreting their success and potentially replicating elements of that methodology in contemporary educational practice

International competition for multinational investment

We examine the economic justification for providing investment subsidies to foreign-owned multinationals. These provide employment opportunities and generate demand for domestic intermediate inputs, produced by domestic workers with increasing returns to scale. Offering subsidies to multinationals may be in the national interest if the investment raises the net value of domestic production. When agglomerative forces are sufficiently strong, a subsidy that attracts the first foreign firm may induce several to enter, establishing a thriving modern sector. With a limited number of foreign enterprises, countries may compete to attract investment. This subsidy competition transfers much of the rents to the multinationals

Operationalizing the Autonomy dimension of Legitimation Code Theory: A Hallidayan approach

This article is a theoretical one aimed at elaborating and operationalizing one of the more recently developed aspects of the educational theory named Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) (e.g. Maton 2014). LCT is a sociological theory with a markedly interventionist streak, which is reflected in endeavours to identify and recommend ways of removing obstacles to knowledge-building for learners. Out of three active dimensions in LCT, this article is focused on the particular dimension termed Autonomy. As applied to situations of knowledge communication, Autonomy appears to be concerned with the degree of insulation or focus with which a given topic is treated, i.e. whether the topic of, e.g., a school lesson, is ‘autonomous’ in that lesson or whether competing topics and perspectives are brought in to further the educational process. However, the concept of Autonomy is in need of both concretization and operationalization and will therefore be interpreted through the lens of certain aspects of Hallidayan linguistic theory that may fruitfully elucidate the concept. The operationalization will be exemplified through two cases of knowledge communication