Knowledge of Dental Students and General Dentists about Medical Emergencies

Objectives Considering the fact that lack of knowledge about medical emergencies is associated with serious consequences for patients, the present study was conducted to compare the knowledge level of dental students and general dentists about medical emergencies. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on senior dental students of Babol University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2014-2015 and dentists practicing in Babol city. Data were collected by a questionnaire, which included questions regarding the demographic information of participants, their educational experience in this field, and knowledge level. Data were analyzed by t-test, Chi-square test, and Pearson and Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Results Fifty dental students with a mean age of 26.78 years and 50 dentists with a mean age of 37.36 years were evaluated. The mean experience of dentists was 7.46 years. Totally, 11 students (22%) and 39 dentists (48%) had encountered medical emergencies in the past year. Of all, 16 students (32%) and 12 dentists (24%) had received the necessary training in their university. The mean knowledge score was statistically similar in both groups (5.46±1.07 and 5.76±1.30 in students and dentists, respectively; P=0.2). The level of knowledge of 48% of dental students and 44% of dentists was poor; 8% of dentists had very good knowledge level. Conclusion The knowledge of dentists and senior dental students of Babol regarding medical emergencies was similar and generally not satisfactory

Using GeoGebra in Teaching Geometry to Enhance Students Academic Achievement and Motivation

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of using GeoGebra with the ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction) model on academic achievement and motivation. In this regard, an experimental and a control group were constituted. The academic motivation questionnaire (Harter, 1981) was used to measure participant’s motivation. Further, two instances of a multiple-choice questions test on a topic in Geometry were designed to measure student’s academic achievement. In order to collect data, the pre-tests were applied to each group at the beginning of the lessons. The experimental group was taught using GeoGebra and the control group was trained with the traditional teaching method. At the end of the lessons, the post-tests were administered to both groups. The statistical difference between participant’s post-test academic motivation and learning of the experimental and control group was analyzed with ANCOVA after examining the assumptions of this test, namely normality and homogeneity in each group. Results of the study indicated that the scores of academic achievement and motivation in the experimental group were significantly more than that of the control group.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Persian version of Parkinson Fatigue Scale (PFS-16) in Patients with Parkinson's Disease

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the common disorders in the central nervous system. Among non-motor symptoms, fatigue is the most widespread one with prevalence rates of 40-65 that can have an impact on the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and the reliability of the Persian version of Parkinson Fatigue Scale (PFS-16). Materials and Methods: 70 patients with PD (mean age: 62.7±11.6) participated in this study through non-probability and available sampling method. Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were used to measure the reliability and the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Parkinson's disease questionnaire (PDQ-8) and Visual Analogue fatigue Scale (VAS-F) were employed to measure the criteria validity. Results: Cronbach's alpha and ICC of the Persian version of PFS-16 were both measured to be 0.97. In addition, Kappa coefficient for each item of the scale was measured to be between 0.76 and 1.00, which indicated a very good level of reliability. Correlations between PFS-16 and FSS, PDQ-8 and VAS-F were estimated to be 0.58, 0.51 and 0.49, respectively. Conclusion: Results indicated high reliability and the validity of Persian-version of the mentioned scale. Therefore, its application in related studies is highly recommended.Key words: Fatigue, Parkinson’s disease, Parkinson Fatigue Scale (PFS-16), Reliability, Validit

A Rare case of Aphallia

.Aphallia (total absence of penis) is an extremely rare abnormality that can be part of the urorectal septum malformation sequence.We are reporting a 40-day-old boy who was referred to our nephrology clinic due to the absence of the penis and urinating through the rectum. He was born to a 17-year-old mother and a 24-year-old father, and was delivered term via normal vaginal delivery.The pregnancy was uncomplicated with no maternal toxin or medication exposure. Both parents were healthy and there was no family history of congenital abnormality. The parents were also unrelated.  Physical examination revealed agenesis of the penis, a normal scrotum, and bilateral normally positioned testises. Moreover, the heart, lungs, abdomen, head and neck, and spinal column were all normal on examination. The karyotype was 46XY and the gender was male. Initial ultrasonography one week after birth revealed moderate bilateral hydronephrosis but the last ultrasonography 45 days later revealed only mild fullness of both kidneys.Keywords: Aphallia; Gender; penile agenesis

Right-side inguinal canal endometriosis at ultrasound: A case report

Background: The first case of inguinal endometriosis was described by Cullen. Endometriosis in the round ligament could be in the pelvic or inguinal area and is a rare disease occurring in 0.6% of women. Women with inguinal endometriosis have a painful inguinal mass during menstrual cycles and they mostly have a history of surgery. The right side is more commonly involved in inguinal endometriosis than the left side (90-94%). A history of gynecologic or abdominal surgery is common in women with inguinal endometriosis. Case presentation: In our case, a 39-yr-old virgin woman presented with localized pain in the right inguinal that had been present for 4 yr. She did not have any history of previous surgery, and abdominal ultrasonography showed a hypoechoic mass with minimal vascularity. Inguinal endometriosis was correctly diagnosed by two expert radiologists preoperatively, and she underwent laparoscopic surgery. Conclusion: Considering inguinal endometriosis in the differential diagnosis of women with inguinal masses is important, even if there is no history of gynecologic or abdominal surgery. Key words: Endometriosis, Inguinal, Ultrasound, Case report

The Status of Outsourcing Services in a Specialized Tehran Hospital Using SWOT

Background: Outsourcing in healthcare is a cost-effective strategy that reduces costs and increases service quality. Managers must attempt to outsource healthcare services using scientific methods. Objective: This study is a strategic analysis of the outsourcing of health services in one specialty and subspecialty hospital in Tehran. Methods: This mixed method study (quantitative-qualitative) was performed in 2014 at one of the biggest specialty hospitals in Tehran. Data was collected through interviews, focus discussion groups (FDG), and the internal and external factors evaluation matrix. The study population comprised managers and directors of the hospital. Data was analyzed using Excel 2010 software and SWOT analysis. Results: The final scores for internal and external factors were 2.16 and 2.68, respectively, indicating the hospital had a conservative strategic position for choosing outsourcing strategies. Conclusion: Since this hospital had a conservative strategic position in outsourcing, managers were able to change their outsourcing strategy while considering its advantages and disadvantages and determining the type of services to be outsourced

Evaluation of the accuracy of panoramic radiograph in determining the location of the lingula

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of panoramic radiograph in locating the position of lingula as an index to estimate the location of mandibular foramen. Methods: The distance measurement in this study was carried out on 30 dry mandibles, composed of at least 2 first molars and one canine. Photography and panoramic radiography of the mandible was performed in a steady reproducible position. 10 lines (including 2 horizontal and 8 vertical) were drawn from the lingula to the anterior and posterior borders of ramus, the coronoid process and the lower border of the mandible. These lines were measured and compared in photographs and panoramic radiographs. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20 software, paired t-test, Pearson correlation and linear regression analysis. Results: Considering all different distances, there was no significant difference between the findings of panoramic radiographs and photographs with regard to 3 indices as follows: cd (posteroinferiormostpoint of mandibular foramen to the posterior border of the mandible); ln (5 mm behind the postero inferior most point of mandibular foramen to the lower border of mandible) gh( 5 mm ahead of superior most point of mandibular foramen to the coronoid notch). Whereas, a significant difference was observed in other indices. Conclusions: It seems that the Panoramic radiograph is an inaccurate guide to display the precise location of the lingula

The Association of Balance, Fear of Falling, and Daily Activities With Drug Phases and Severity of Disease in Patients With Parkinson

Introduction: In the elderly, functional balance, fear of falling, and independence in daily living activities are interrelated; however, this relationship may change under the influence of drug phase and the severity of disease in individuals with idiopathic Parkinson disease. This study aimed to investigate the association of functional balance, fear of falling, and independence in the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) with the drug on- and drug off-phases. Methods: A total of 140 patients with Parkinson disease (age: Mean±SD; 60.51±12.32 y) were evaluated in terms of their functional balance, fear of falling, and independence in their daily activities by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), and Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-ADL (UPDRS-ADL), respectively, in drug on- and drug off-phases. The Hoehn and Yahr scale recorded global disease rating. The Spearman coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests were used to find out whether the distribution of scale scores differs with regard to functional balance or disease severity. Results: A strong correlation was found between the functional balance, fear of falling, and independence in ADL with both drug phases. The results also showed the significant difference in the distribution of the FES-I and UPDRS-ADL scores with regard to functional balance (except independence in ADL in drug off-phase). Also, the distribution of the scores of BBS, FES-I, and UPDRS-ADL showed significant differences with regard to disease severity. Conclusion: The study showed a strong correlation between functional balance, fear of falling, and independence in ADL that can be affected by the drug phase and severity of the disease. However, more studies are needed to understand this relationship precisely.This work was supported by the Student Research Committee in Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.S

2-Phenyl-1H-imidazole

In the title compound, C9H8N2, a mirror plane lies perpendicular to the phenyl and imidazole rings and passes through the bridging C—C bond, so that the imidazole ring is disordered over two sites about the mirror plane with the equal site occupancy; the asymmetric unit contains one half-mol­ecule. In the crystal, adjacent mol­ecules are linked via N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds