Applying VNPSO Algorithm to Solve the Many-to-Many Hub Location-Routing Problem in a Large scale

One way to increase the companies’ performance and reducing their costs is to concern the transportation industry. Many-to-many hub location-routing problem (MMHLRP) is one of the problems that can affect the process of transportation costs. The problem of MMHLRP is one of the NP-HARD problems. Hence, solving it by exact methods is not affordable; however it was first solved by Benders decomposition algorithm. Modeling and the solving algorithm is able to solve the problem with 100 nodes. In this study, using VNPSO (a combination of the two methods VNS and PSO) was suggested to solve MMHLRP in large-scale. Given high similarity of the results obtained in small scale, using a random sample confirmed that the proposed method was able to solve problem MMHLRP with 300 nodes and acceptable accuracy and speed

Effect of combination of vitamin B1 and B6 on leg cramps in pregnancy

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: گرفتگی عضله انقباض دردناک غیر ارادی و موضعی یک عضله یا قسمتی از یک عضله است. بین 5 تا بیش از 30 زنان از گرفتگی عضلات پا حین حاملگی شکایت دارند. منیزیم رل مهمی در متابولیسم و فعالیت عضلانی بر عهده دارد، بدلیل نبودن ترکیب مناسبی از منیزیم در ایران و ارتباط و تداخل عملکرد منیزیم و ویتامین های B1 و B6 و همینطور بی خطر بودن مصرف ویتامین ها در حین حاملگی، این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر درمانی ترکیب ویتامین B1 و B6 روی گرفتگی عضلات پا حین حاملگی انجام گرفت. روش بررسی: در این کار آزمایی بالینی آینده نگر دو سوکور 63 زن مبتلا به گرفتگی عضلات پا از نظر تعداد، شدت درد و زمان وقوع گرفتگی مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. سپس به آنها به صورت تصادفی یک قوطی محتوی 56 کپسول حاوی 250 میلی گرم ویتامینB1 و 240 میلی گرم ویتامینB6 و یا 56 کپسول مشابه محتوی نشاسته داده شد و به ایشان گفته شد برای چهار هفته روزانه دو کپسول میل کنند. سپس بیماران مجدداً از نظر تعداد، شدت درد و زمان وقوع گرفتگی و ارزیابی آنها از اثر درمان بررسی شدند. یافته ها: پس از اتمام درمان تعداد و شدت درد گرفتگی عضلات پا در گروه دارو به طور معنی داری از گروه دارو نما کمتر بود (05/0>p). ولی تفاوت معنی دار بین دو گروه در زمان وقوع گرفتگی ها دیده نشد. در این مطالعه هیچ عارضه جانبی با مصرف دارو یا دارو نما دیده نشد. نتیجه گیری: به نظر می رسد که تجویز ترکیب ویتامین های B‏1 و B6 در کاهش تعداد و شدت درد گرفتگی عضلات پا حین حاملگی مؤثر باشد

Using life cycle assessment for municipal solid waste management in Tehran Municipality Region 20

Background: Due to the lack of a proper waste management system, Tehran Municipality Region 20 is facing economic and environmental problems such as the high costs of a disposal system and source pollution. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method for collecting and evaluating the inputs, outputs, and potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. The current study purposed to provide a stable and optimized system of solid waste management in Tehran Municipality Region 20. Methods: The LCA method was used to evaluate various scenarios and compare the effects on environmental aspects of management systems. Four scenarios were defined based on existing and possible future waste management systems for this region. These scenarios were considered with different percentages for source separation, composting, recycling, and energy recovery. Results: Based on the results of this study, Scenario 4 (source separation [14%] + composting [30%] + municipal recycling facility [MRF] [20%] + energy recovery [10%] + landfilling [26%]) was found to be the option with the minimum environmental impact. In the absence of government support and sufficient funds for establishing energy recovery facilities, the third scenario (source separation [14%] + composting [30%] +MRF [20%] + landfilling [36%]) is recommended. Conclusion: The results acquired from this investigation will confirm the belief that LCA as an environmental device may be successfully used in an integrated solid waste management system (ISWMS) as a support tool for decision-making

The effect of aerobic exercise and barley β-glucan on blood glucose, body composition and blood pressure of diabetic women

Background: The incidence of type 2 diabetes increases with aging, unhealthy diets, obesity and sedentary lifestyles. The aim of this study was to investigate the combinational effect of a 12-week aerobic exercise and barley β-glucan (BBG) on blood glucose, body composition and blood pressure in women with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 24 women with the mean age of 49 years and a blood glucose level of 110-280 mg/dl were purposefully selected and randomly divided into three groups: a) group of aerobic exercise with diet (n=8), b) diet group (n=8) c) control group (n=8). The diet group consumed one barley bread, containing 4 g of β glucan, each day for 12 weeks. The group of aerobic exercise, who was on diet, participated in a progressive walking program with the intensity of 60-70 of maximal heart rate in addition to diet program (barley bread). Blood glucose, weight, fat percentage, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels were measured in pre-and post-training. Results: Results showed a significant decrease in the blood glucose level in the experimental groups compared to the control group, while no major changes were observed in body composition and blood pressure. Conclusion: It seems that the combined program (aerobic training with diet) or consumption of β-glucan alone can decrease blood glucose in patients with diabetes

Adequacy of Direct Digital Radiography (DDR) Compared to Conventional Radiography in Detection of Mechanically Created Bone Lesions.

Background and Aim: Early diagnosis of bone pathologic lesions is of paramount importance in enabling the clinician to provide immediate and appropriate dental treatment. Conventional radiographs have always been used as the primary and fundamental means of diagnosis, treatment and follow up of endodontic lesions. In recent years, digital imaging has gained high popularity for diagnostic purposes. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of digital radiographic imaging compared to conventional radiography in detecting mechanically created jaw bone lesions. Materials and Methods : This experimental study was conducted on the lower jaw of a cow cadaver. Mechanical lesions with different depths (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4,5mm)were drilled into the jaw with a surgical bur (021). A digital radiograph followed by a conventional image with E-speed film were obtained and the images were evaluated by five examiners. Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks test was used for statistical analysis. Results: According to the results of this study, examiners were more successful in detecting lesions with DDR than with conventional radiography.The mean value and standard deviation of detection score were 1/25 ± 0/98 for conventional and 1/85 ± 0/53 for digital methods. This difference was statistically significant. (P< 0.001) Conclusion : The adequacy of digital radiography in detection of bone lesions is much higher than conventional radiography. Digital images are recommended for diagnostic purposes

Occult Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Presenting as a Frontal Bone Metastasis: A Case Report

This is a rare case of metastatic follicular carcinoma of thyroid in a patient with no history of thyroid problem. A frontal bone mass was examined microscopically and showed the pattern of metastatic follicular carcinoma. Thyroid ultrasonography then revealed a nodule in left lobe. Total thyroidectomy was done for the patient and microscopic examination confirmed the diagnosis

Long-term visual outcome of congenital cataract at a Tertiary Referral Center from 2004 to 2014

AbstractPurposeTo assess the long-term visual acuity (VA) outcome after congenital cataract surgery at Imam Hossein Medical Center (Tertiary Referral Center) (2004–2014).MethodsIn this descriptive study, records of 120 patients with a history of congenital cataract surgery were studied. Those with traumatic, metabolic cataract, aged <5 years at the last visit who were not able to respond VA testing accurately and follow-up < 6 months were excluded. Cases with incomplete files were recalled and reexamined. Finally, the records of 42 patients (71 eyes) were included.ResultsIn this study, 20 males and 22 females with a mean age of 11.80 ± 6 years at their last visit were studied. Bilateral and unilateral cataract was seen in 69% and 31% of cases, respectively. Posterior and anterior subcapsular opacity was the most common (53.70%) and rarest (1.90%) type of congenital cataract, respectively. The mean age at the time of operation and surgical interval was 65 ± 66.6 (range: 1–200) and 12.9 ± 23.5 (range: 0–96) months, respectively. The most common method of refractive error correction was pseudophakia plus glasses (56.3%) with the mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 0.29 ± 0.28 LogMAR., The mean BCVA was 0.7 ± 0.53 LogMAR for aphakic patients correcting by glasses. In our study, amblyopia (56%), glaucoma (23.90%), and posterior capsular opacity (16.40%) were observed during their follow-ups on an average of 76 ± 65 months (median: 60, range: 6–240). Unilateral cataract, aphakia, nystagmus, female gender, and strabismus were risk factors of VA loss.ConclusionBased on our results, 56% of cases showed amblyopia. It could be due to late operation (especially in unilateral cases), longer surgical interval between two eyes, and no compliance of amblyopia therapy. Early detection through screening may reduce the rate of amblyopia. Refractive errors, visual acuity, amblyopia, glaucoma, posterior capsular opacity, and compliance of amblyopia therapy should be checked regularly at follow-up visits

A cephalometric comparison of twin block and bionator appliances in treatment of class II malocclusion

Class II malocclusion is one of the most common orthodontic problems. In cases of class II malocclusion with mandibular deficiency, functional appliances often are used with the intent of stimulating mandibular growth. Bionator and twin block are two of the more popular functional appliances. The aim of this study was to compare the treatment outcomes of these two appliances using cephalometric radiographs. Cephalometric radiographs of 33 patients who had class II division I malocclusion, before and after treatment were digitalized. The mean changes in twin block and bionator groups were compared using independent t test. Twin block and bionator showed no statistically significant differences in cephalometric parameters except for ANB, NA-Pog, Basal and Ar-Go-Me angles. There were no statistically significant differences in dentoalveolar and mandibular position between twin block and bionator (p>0.1). Twin block was more efficient in inhibition of forward movement of maxilla (p<0.1)