XRCC1 Coordinates Disparate Responses and Multiprotein Repair Complexes Depending on the Nature and Context of the DNA Damage

XRCC1 is a scaffold protein capable of interacting with several DNA repair proteins. Here we provide evidence for the presence of XRCC1 in different complexes of sizes from 200 to 1500 kDa, and we show that immunoprecipitates using XRCC1 as bait are capable of complete repair of AP sites via both short patch (SP) and long patch (LP) base excision repair (BER). We show that POLβ and PNK colocalize with XRCC1 in replication foci and that POLβ and PNK, but not PCNA, colocalize with constitutively present XRCC1-foci as well as damage-induced foci when low doses of a DNA-damaging agent are applied. We demonstrate that the laser dose used for introducing DNA damage determines the repertoire of DNA repair proteins recruited. Furthermore, we demonstrate that recruitment of POLβ and PNK to regions irradiated with low laser dose requires XRCC1 and that inhibition of PARylation by PARP-inhibitors only slightly reduces the recruitment of XRCC1, PNK, or POLβ to sites of DNA damage. Recruitment of PCNA and FEN-1 requires higher doses of irradiation and is enhanced by XRCC1, as well as by accumulation of PARP-1 at the site of DNA damage. These data improve our understanding of recruitment of BER proteins to sites of DNA damage and provide evidence for a role of XRCC1 in the organization of BER into multiprotein complexes of different sizes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc

Increased Activity of Cell Surface Peptidases in HeLa Cells Undergoing UV-Induced Apoptosis Is Not Mediated by Caspase 3

We have previously shown that in HeLa cells treated with a variety of agents there is an increase in cell surface peptidase (CSP) activity in those cells undergoing apoptosis. The increase in CSP activity observed in UVB-irradiated cells undergoing apoptosis was unaffected when the cultures were treated with the aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin, and matrix metalloprotease inhibitor BB3103, but greatly enhanced when treated with the caspase 3 inhibitor-DEVD, and reduced in the presence of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor-3-aminobenzamide (3AB). Neither 3AB nor DEVD had an effect on the gross morphology of the apoptotic cells observed under electron microscopy, nor did they have an effect on phosphatidylserine eversion on the cell membrane, or that of PARP cleavage. All the agents except for DEVD had no effect on the level of caspase 3 activity in the cells. The results suggest that other caspases may cleave PARP in these cells. Both 3AB and DEVD treatment reduced the level of actin cleavage seen in the apoptotic cells. The increase in CSP activity observed in cells undergoing UVB-induced apoptosis appears to involve PARP but not caspase 3

Etude par resonance magnetique nucleaire du metabolisme energetique et intermediaire de cellules cancereuses isolees

SIGLEAvailable from INIST (FR), Document Supply Service, under shelf-number : T 78683 / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

Efficacité biologique relative (EBR) des faisceaux de protons utilisés en radiothérapie

L'Efficacité Biologique Relative (EBR) des faisceaux de protons énergétiques (70-250 MeV) utilisés dans les différents centres de protonthérapie est classiquement estimée à 1,10 par rapport aux photons du Cobalt-60. Bien qu'en accord avec la mesure de la régénération des cryptes intestinales chez la souris après exposition à une dose unique de 10 à 15 Gy, cette valeur moyenne a été contestée par la microdosimétrie. Ces incertitudes nous ont conduits à analyser l'effet des protons mis en œuvre dans les deux faisceaux médicaux (76 et 201 MeV) du Centre de Protonthérapie de l Institut Curie à Orsay (ICPO) sur deux lignées cellulaires humaines tumorales, et en partie sur une lignée fibroblastique. Les résultats font apparaître une différence de la valeur de l'EBR pour la survie au rayonnement dans la partie distale du SOBP (Spread-Out Bragg Peak) en fonction de l'énergie incidente, ainsi qu'une absence de corrélation entre la réponse en survie et l'incidence des cassures double-brin de l'ADN dans le faisceau de 76 MeV. Nous montrons cependant, grâce à l'utilisation de lignées défectives dans les voies de signalisation et de réparation des cassures double-brin de l'ADN par le D-NHEJ, que ces voies déterminent la valeur de l'EBR dans la partie distale du SOBP de 76 MeV. La réponse aux dommages de l'ADN dans cette région suggère que les dommages létaux appartiennent à la classe des lésions complexes (LMDS) de l'ADN. D'autre part, il apparaît que la fluence des particules constitue un paramètre majeur qui doit être pris en compte dans la partie distale des faisceaux.Treatment planning in proton therapy uses a generic value for the Relative Biological Efficiency (RBE) of 1.1 relative to 60Co gamma-rays throughout the Spread Out Bragg Peak (SOBP). We have studied the variation of the RBE at three positions in the SOBP of the 76 and 201 MeV proton beams used for cancer treatment at the Institut Curie Proton Therapy in Orsay (ICPO) in two human tumor cell lines using clonogenic cell death and the incidence of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) as measured by pulse-field gel electrophoresis without and with endonuclease treatment to reveal clustered lesions as endpoints.The RBE for induced cell killing by the 76 MeV beam increased with depth in the SOBP. However for the 201 MeV protons it was close to that for 137Cs gamma-rays and did not vary significantly. The incidence of DSBs and clustered lesions was higher for protons than for 137Cs g-rays, but did not depend on the proton energy or the position in the SOBP.In the second part of our work, we have shown using cell clones made deficient for known repair genes by stable or transient shRNA transfection, that the D-NHEJ pathway determine the response to protons. The response of DNA damages created in the distal part of the 76 MeV SOBP suggests that those damages belong to the class of DNA "complex lesions" (LMDS). It also appears that the particle fluence is a major determinant of the outcome of treatment in the distal part of the SOBP.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Facteurs modulant la radiosensibilité (rôle des protéines PARP-1, PARP-2 et Cdk5 et implication de la chromatine.)

Les modifications post-traductionnelles des protéines de réparation de l ADN et des facteurs chromatiniens par poly(ADP-ribose)ylation et par phosphorylation sont essentielles pour le maintien de l intégrité de l ADN et de la chromatine, en particulier dans la réponse cellulaire aux dommages de l ADN induits par radiation ionisantes (RI). Parmi les protéines impliquées dans ces deux processus nous trouvons, respectivement, la poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase-1 (PARP-1) et PARP-2, et la kinase dépendante des cyclines Cdk5 : PARP-1 et PARP-2 sont impliqué dans le mécanisme de réparationdes cassures simples brin (CSBs) de l ADN (Single Strand Break Repair : SSBR ) et la déplétion de Cdk5 a été liée à l augmentation de la sensibilité des cellules aux inhibiteurs de PARPs. Nous avons montré, en utilisant des cellules HeLa stablement déplété pour Cdk5 ou PARP-2, que ces deux protéines sont impliquées dans les deux sous-voies du SSBR, le short- (SPR) et le long-patch repair (LPR). L absence de Cdk5 ou PARP-2 entraîne des modifications du fonctionnement du SSBR, notamment en termes de recrutement des protéines de réparation PARP-1 et XRCC1, impliquées dans le SPR, et PCNA, protéine clé du LPR, au site du photo-dommage. PARP-2 et Cdk5 agissent aussi sur la balance du niveau des poly(ADP-ribose) car en absence de Cdk5 une hyper-activation de PARP-1 a été montrée, et en absence de PARP-2 une diminution de l activité de la protéine poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) a été aussi observée. Cependant, malgré ces changements les deux lignées cellulaires dépourvues de Cdk5 (Cdk5KD) ou de PARP-2 (PARP-2KD) réparent de façon normale les CSBs radio-induites, mais, intéressement et contrairement aux cellules PARP-2KD, les cellules Cdk5KDsont sensibles à l effet létal des RI. De plus nous avons montré que Cdk5, PARP-2 et PARG sont toutes les trois impliquées dans la régulation du recrutement et de dissociation du facteur chromatinien ALC1 suggérant leur implication dans la régulation de la dynamique de la chromatine en réponse aux photo-dommages de l ADN. Ces résultats avec l observation de la diminution du recrutement de PARP-1 dans les cellules Cdk5KD et PARP-2KD, montrent l apparition d un réseau complexe de phosphorylation et de poly(ADP-ribose)ylation en réponse aux RI qui implique Cdk5 , PARP-1,PARP-2 and PARG et qui est fort probablement initié par l activité kinase de Cdk5.The post-translational modifications of DNA repair proteins and histone remodeling factors by poly(ADP-ribose)ylation and phosphorylation are essential for the maintenance of DNA integrity and chromatin structure, and in particular in response to DNA damaging produced by ionizing radiation (IR). Amongst the proteins implicated in these two processes are the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase -1 (PARP-1) and PARP-2, and the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk5: PARP-1 and 2 are involved in DNA single strand break (SSB) repair (SSBR) and Cdk5 depletion has been linked with increased cell sensitivity to PARP inhibition. We have shown by using HeLa cells stably depleted for either CdK5 or PARP-2, that the recruitment profile of PARP-1 and XRCC-1, two proteins involved in the short-patch (SP) SSBR sub-pathway, to DNA damage sites is sub-maximal and that of PCNA, a protein involved in the long-patch (LP) repair pathway, is increased in the absence of Cdk5 and decreased in the absence of PARP-2 suggesting that both Cdk5 and PARP-2 are involved in both SSBR sub-pathways.PARP-2 and Cdk5 also impact on the poly(ADP-ribose) levels in cells as in the absence of Cdk5 a hyper-activation of PARP-1 was found and in the absence of PARP-2 a reduction in poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) activity was seen. However, in spite of these changes no impact on the repair of SSBs induced by IR was seen in either the Cdk5 or PARP-2 depleted cells (Cdk5KD or PARP-2KD cells) but, interestingly, increased radiation sensitivity in terms of cell killing was noted in the Cdk5 depleted cells. We also found that Cdk5, PARP-2 and PARG were all implicated in the regulation ofthe recruitment and the dissociation of the chromatin-remodeling factor ALC1 from DNA damage sites suggesting a role for these three proteins in changes in chromatin structure after DNA photodamage.These results, taken together with the observation that PARP-1 recruitment is sub-optimal in both Cdk5KD and PARP-2KD cells, show that an intricate network of phosphorylation and poly(ADPribose) ylation occurs in response to IR that involves Cdk5 , PARP-1,PARP-2 and PARG and that is probably initiated by Cdk5 s kinase activity.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. électronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, a major determinant of early cell response to ionizing radiation

PURPOSE: To determine whether DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) are involved in eliciting the rapid fluctuations of radiosensitivity that have been observed when cells are exposed to short pulses of ionizing radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effect of DNA-PK and PARP-1 inhibitors on the survival of cells to split-dose irradiation was investigated using Chinese hamster V79 fibroblasts and human carcinoma SQ-20B cells. The responses of PARP-1 proficient and PARP-1 knockout mouse 3T3 fibroblasts were compared in a similar split-dose assay. RESULTS: Inactivation of DNA-PK by wortmannin potentiated radiation-induced cell kill but it did not alter the oscillatory, W-shaped pattern of early radiation response. In contrast, oscillatory radiation response was abolished by 3-aminobenzamide, a reversible inhibitor of enzymes containing a PARP catalytic domain. The oscillatory response was also lacking in PARP-1 knockout mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. CONCLUSION: The results show that PARP-1 plays a key role in the earliest steps of cell response to ionizing radiation with clonogenic ability or growth as endpoint. It is hypothesized that rapid poly(ADP-ribosylation) of target proteins, or recruitment of repair proteins by activated PARP-1 at the sites of DNA damage, bring about rapid chromatin remodelling that may affect the incidence of chromosomal damage upon re-irradiation