Clairaut Riemannian maps

In this paper, first we define Clairaut Riemannian map between Riemannian manifolds by using a geodesic curve on the base space and find necessary and sufficient conditions for a Riemannian map to be Clairaut with a non-trivial example. We also obtain necessary and sufficient condition for a Clairaut Riemannian map to be harmonic. Thereafter, we study Clairaut Riemannian map from Riemannian manifold to Ricci soliton with a non-trivial example. We obtain scalar curvatures of $rangeF_\ast$ and $(rangeF_\ast)^\bot$ by using Ricci soliton. Further, we obtain necessary conditions for the leaves of $rangeF_\ast$ to be almost Ricci soliton and Einstein. We also obtain necessary condition for the vector field $\dot{\beta}$ to be conformal on $rangeF_\ast$ and necessary and sufficient condition for the vector field $\dot{\beta}$ to be Killing on $(rangeF_\ast)^\bot$, where $\beta$ is a geodesic curve on the base space of Clairaut Riemannian map. Also, we obtain necessary condition for the mean curvature vector field of $rangeF_\ast$ to be constant. Finally, we introduce Clairaut anti-invariant Riemannian map from Riemannian manifold to K\"ahler manifold, and obtain necessary and sufficient condition for an anti-invariant Riemannian map to be Clairaut with a non-trivial example. Further, we find necessary condition for $rangeF_\ast$ to be minimal and totally geodesic. We also obtain necessary and sufficient condition for Clairaut anti-invariant Riemannian maps to be harmonic.Comment: 22 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2107.0104

Riemannian Maps whose Base Manifolds admit a Ricci Soliton and their Harmonicity

In this paper, we study Riemannian maps whose base manifolds admit a Ricci soliton and give a non-trivial example of such Riemannian maps. First, we find Riemannian curvature tensor of base manifolds for Riemannian map $F$. Further, we obtain Ricci tensors and calculate scalar curvature of base manifolds. Moreover, we obtain necessary conditions for $rangeF_\ast$ to be Ricci soliton, almost Ricci soliton and Einstein. We also obtain necessary conditions for $(rangeF_\ast)^\bot$ to be Ricci soliton and Einstein. Also, we calculate scalar curvatures of $rangeF_\ast$ and $(rangeF_\ast)^\bot$ by using Ricci soliton. Finally, we study harmonicity and biharmonicity of such Riemannian maps and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for Riemannian map between Riemannian manifolds whose base manifold admits a Ricci soliton to be harmonic. We also obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for Riemannian map from Riemannian manifold to space form which admits Ricci soliton to be harmonic and biharmonic. Finally, some applications are presented for further studies on base manifolds of Riemannian maps

Effect of seed treatment, soil application and foliar spray of some insecticides on seed quality of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of some insecticides as seed treatment, soil application and foliar sprays on seed quality characters of bell pepper (Capsicum annuumL.) cultivar Solan Bharpur during Kha-rif season 2013. The treatments comprised of seed application of imidacloprid (Gaucho 600FS) and thiamethox-am (Cruiser 70WS), soil application of neem cake@ 2 q/acre and carbofuran @ 6 kg/acre and foliar sprays of im-idacloprid (Confidor 200 SL), thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WS), indoxacarb14.5 SC @ 0.5ml/l, NSKE (neem seed ker-nel extract) @ 5%, Neem Raj 500ppm @ 2.5ml/l and control. The observations regarding quality parameters record-ed were germination percentage, seedling length, seeding dry weight, seed vigour index-I, seed vigour index-II and electrical conductivity. The results revealed that treatment combination viz., seed treatment and foliar spray with thiamethoxam (S2F2) recorded significantly higher germination percentage (96.33%), seed vigour index-I (934.10), seed vigour index-II (245.02) and minimum electrical conductivity (216.67dSm-1) at 0.05 level of significance. Therefore, seed treatment and foliar spray of thiamethoxam may be recommended for quality seed production of bell pepper

Etiological and clinical features of pediatric hypertension in a tertiary hospital of Central India

Background: Hypertension (HTN) in children and adolescents seems to have increased in the past few decades. Although the prevalence of essential HTN has increased, secondary causes account for majority of childhood HTN. Essential HTN in childhood is a diagnosis arrived at by excluding the known causes of secondary HTN. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to study the etiology and clinical features of childhood HTN in admitted children. Materials and Methods: This observational prospective study was carried out at a tertiary care referral center of Central India. All children of 1–12 years of age admitted in hospital in the study period were screened for HTN. Those found to be hypertensive were studied for etiology and clinical features. Results: A total of 112 children were found to be hypertensive, 54 were in 1–6 years of age group and 58 were in 7–12 age group. Male-to-female ratio was 62:50, 95 had secondary HTN and no definitive cause of HTN could be found in 5% of patients. Mean blood pressure was 124/84. Majority (75%) of patients were in Stage II HTN, 25% of patients were in hypertensive crisis. About 69% had renal etiology, 25% central nervous system (CNS), 1% endocrine, and unidentified 5%. Conclusion: The most common etiology of hypertensive emergency is chronic kidney disease followed by acute glomerulonephritis

Influence of crop geometry and cultivars on growth, yield and production efficiency of dry direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A field experiment was conducted during kharif (summer) season of 2014, aim of the experiment was to investigate suitable crop geometry and cultivar and their influences on performance of dry direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.), experimental treatments were consisting of 15 treatments, namely, main plots: five cultivars (MTU 7029, NDR 97, HUR 105, HUR 4-3 and PRH-10) and sub-plots: three crop geometry’s (20 x 10, 20 x 20 and 25 x 25 cm2). All the data recorded were statistically analyzed using the standard procedures of split-plot design. The results indicated that amongst cultivars, aromatic rice hybrid PRH-10 recorded significantly more grain yield (5582.32 kg/ha) than cultivar HUR 4-3 (4612.99 kg/ha) and NDR 97 (3397.82 kg/ha), whereas; it was statistically comparable with cultivar MTU 7029 (5489.24 kg/ha) and HUR 105 (5022.03 kg/ha). The cultivar PRH-10 also registered higher gross return (105771.9 `/ha), net return (66389.08 `/ha) and production efficiency (592.76 `/ha/day) than the remaining cultivars. The higher grain yield of PRH-10 over these cultivars was due to considerable improvement in most of its yield attributing characters like panicle length (27.92 cm), a number of grains/panicle (178.70) and test weight (26.35 g). In a case of crop geometry treatment, plant spacing of 25 x 25 cm2 recorded higher grain yield as compared to remaining plant spacing while the plant spacing of 20 x 10 cm2 recorded higher gross return, net return and production efficiency as compared to 20 x 20 and 25 x 25 cm2. Plant geometry plays an imperative role towards improving the grain yield of cultivars in direct seeded rice by optimal utilization of natural resources. Therefore, for getting higher net return and production efficiency, cultivar PRH-10 at plant spacing 20 x 10 cm2 can be raised in dry direct-seeded rice in Varanasi region of Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Visual Performance under Varying Illumination Conditions while using an Indigenously Developed Wrist Wearable Computer

Ambient illumination conditions have significant impact on users’ visual performance while carrying out onscreen reading tasks on visual display units, especially smaller screen sizes. Present study assessed the visual performance responses of different ambient illumination levels during onscreen reading on Wrist Wearable Computer (WWC) developed for the command-control-communication between the control room and the soldiers operating in remote locations. Ten (10) Indian Infantry soldiers performed two different types of loud reading tasks on the display of WWC under three different ambient illumination (mean ±SEM) conditions namely, Indoor controlled (450.00±10.00 lx), Outdoor daylight (11818.7±582.91 lx) and Indoor dark (0.12±0.03 lx) environments. While reading, participants wore an eye tracking glass which recorded the eye movement responses. Visualisation techniques were used to predict the association of illumination levelof surrounding with visual performance of the user. Subjective legibility rating was also applied to understand participants’ preferences towards physical attributes of the onscreen information and illumination level. Results indicated that illumination had a significant effect on eye movement parameters like fixation frequency, fixation duration and scanpath length while completing the tasks. Overall, participants performed better under indoor controlled illumination conditions in terms of fixation profile and scanpath length, apart from improved subjective legibility ratings as compared to other two illumination conditions. Future research attempts need to be directed towards the optimum performance of the display across wide range of ambient illumination conditions and to establish how the display of indigenously developed wearable computer performs in comparison to other such displays available across the globe

Cord Blood Stem Cells Inhibit Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Translocation to Mitochondria in Glioblastoma

Overexpression of EGFR is one of the most frequently diagnosed genetic aberrations of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). EGFR signaling is involved in diverse cellular functions and is dependent on the type of preferred receptor complexes. EGFR translocation to mitochondria has been reported recently in different cancer types. However, mechanistic aspects of EGFR translocation to mitochondria in GBM have not been evaluated to date.In the present study, we analyzed the expression of EGFR in GBM-patient derived specimens using immunohistochemistry, reverse-transcription based PCR and Western blotting techniques. In clinical samples, EGFR co-localizes with FAK in mitochondria. We evaluated this previous observation in standard glioma cell lines and in vivo mice xenografts. We further analyzed the effect of human umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCBSC) on the inhibition of EGFR expression and EGFR signaling in glioma cells and xenografts. Treatment with hUCBSC inhibited the expression of EGFR and its co-localization with FAK in glioma cells. Also, hUCBSC inhibited the co-localization of activated forms of EGFR, FAK and c-Src in mitochondria of glioma cells and xenografts. In addition, hUCBSC also inhibited EGFR signaling proteins in glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo.We have shown that hUCBSC treatments inhibit phosphorylation of EGFR, FAK and c-Src forms. Our findings associate EGFR expression and its localization to mitochondria with specific biological functions in GBM cells and provide relevant preclinical information that can be used for the development of effective hUCBSC-based therapies

Anthracnose of Chilli: Status, Diagnosis, and Management

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most economically important vegetable crops in the world. Among different biotic constraints, anthracnose disease is the major limiting factor affecting yield and production of chilli crop. Different symptoms associated with disease are fruit rot, leaf spots, dieback on stem, seedling blight, or damping off. Many species of genus Colletotrichum are found associated with the disease worldwide. In India, primarily three important species, namely, Colletotrichum truncatum, C. acutatum, and C. gleosporoides, are responsible for the chilli anthracnose. Accurate identification of pathogen is needed for choosing the proper management strategy for controlling this disease. Both conventional and molecular methods are adapted along with different management strategies, recommended for this disease namely cultural, chemical, and other eco-friendly methods

A CONCEPTUAL AND CLINICAL STUDY OF APARA (PLACENTA)

Comparative study of Sharir (anatomical and physiological) terms from Samhita text with modern scientific terms has became needful today. Apara described in Samhita text is important structure for Garbha (fetus). Samhita description says it is formed by obstructed Artava (menstrual blood). It lies in relation to the maternal heart and provides nutrition to the developing Garbha through Garbhanabhinadi (umbilical cord). It sheds off after Prasuti (labour). This indicates Apara to be the Placenta from modern anatomical term. Its formation described from obstructed Artava may be because of resemblance of its maternal surface with blood clots and absence of Artava in Garbhavastha (pregnancy). Samhita description lacks its actual location and anatomical features. It is also called as Jarayu indicating different meanings in Kasyapa Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and Caraka Samhita. These facts indicate the need for its literary research. For anatomical study 30 pregnant females were selected randomly and their gestational ultrasonography was taken in third trimester to see the location of Apara (placenta) and abnormality. It is found that Apara is normally adhered to upper uterine segment. Apara received after labor from these selected 30 pregnant females were observed for anatomical features. The parameters noted for weight, diameter, thickness at center, number of cotyledons, attachment of umbilical cord at center or periphery, and abnormality of Apara. Observations given in charts and graphs. Lacuna in Samhita text regarding anatomical features of Apara needs the study of term Placenta

Technical efficiency of rice production in terai district of Nepal

   This paper aimed to estimate the technical efficiency of rice production, also identifying the factors affecting technical efficiency. Jhapa, the Terai district of Nepal, having the highest rice production in the country, was purposely selected for the study. The primary information was collected from 100 rice growing farmers, randomly selected from the sampling frame, using the pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule. Also, two Key Informant Surveys were done. Besides, the secondary information was collected by reviewing the related literatures. Descriptive statistics, stochastic frontier model with Cobb-Douglas production function, and tobit model were used for data analysis. The stochastic production frontier model revealed that with the increase in seed, chemical fertilizer, human labor, and tractor power by 1 percent, the rice yield increases by 0.25 (P<0.05), 0.15 (P<0.01), 0.13 (P<0.05) and 0.21 (P<0.01) percent respectively. The average technical efficiency of the rice growing farmers in the study area was estimated 92%; in addition, majority of the farmers (62%) were operating at an efficiency level of 0.91- 0.95 followed by 32% at 0.86- 0.90. The tobit regression model revealed that farming experience (P<0.01), membership of the organization (P<0.01), and major occupation being agriculture (P<0.05) have statistically significant and positive on technical efficiency; while, schooling years (P<0.05) and number of economically active family members (P<0.05) have statistically significant but negative effect. There is still scope to increase the rice yield through efficient use of available resources with existing technologies