Comparing the cardiac autonomic activity profile of daytime naps and nighttime sleep.

Heart rate variability (HRV) is a reliable technique to evaluate autonomic activity and shows marked changes across a night of sleep. Previous nighttime sleep findings report changes in HRV during non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM), which have been associated with cardiovascular health benefits. Daytime sleep, however, has been linked with both positive and negative cardiovascular outcomes. Yet, no studies have directly compared HRV profiles during an ecologically-valid daytime nap in healthy, well-rested adults to that of nighttime sleep. Using a within-subjects design, 32 people took a daytime nap and slept overnight in the lab at least one week apart; both sleep sessions had polysomnography, including electrocardiography (ECG), recorded. We measured inter-beat intervals (RR), total power (TP), low frequency power (LF; .04-.15 Hz), and high frequency power (HF; .15-.40 Hz) components of HRV during NREM and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Compared to the nap, we found longer RR intervals and decreased heart rate during the night for both Stage 2 and SWS and increased TP, LF and HF power during nighttime Stage 2 sleep only; however, no differences in the LFHF ratio or normalized HF power were found between the nap and the night. Also, no differences in REM sleep between the nap and night were detected. Similar relationships emerged when comparing the nap to one cycle of nighttime sleep. These findings suggest that longer daytime naps, with both SWS and REM, may provide similar cardiovascular benefits as nocturnal sleep. In light of the on-going debate surrounding the health benefits and/or risks associated with napping, these results suggest that longer daytime naps in young, healthy adults may support cardiac down-regulation similar to nighttime sleep. In addition, napping paradigms may serve as tools to explore sleep-related changes in autonomic activity in both healthy and at-risk populations

NGO Global Expansion: Models to Successfully Introduce the American Cancer Society’s ‘Relay for Life’ in Chile

The research identifies and evaluates the feasibility of potential models for successful international expansion of a large non-governmental cancer control organization, the American Cancer Society (ACS), into Chile through the introduction of a signature event, Global Relay For Life. The purpose of this study is to incorporate the conventional wisdom of existing research on the topic of the global expansion of NGOs and personal experiences with a particular NGO and foreign market to recommend best methods for introducing the NGO into the foreign market. The research question relates to the global expansion of NGOs, but narrows the scope of the topic to the feasibility of a single NGO fundraising event, ACS’s Global Relay For Life, and a single foreign market, Chile, through the development of models to successfully introduce Global Relay For Life in Chile. The methodology of this research includes archival research of existing literature on the global expansion of NGOs, a literature search of ACS’s own documentation, and interviews with key informants connected to ACS. This study results in a more clear understanding of ACS’s global expansion pertaining to its Global Relay For Life event by illustrating that, at present, it forms coalitions by partnering with other NGOs and uses a standardized approach to expansion. A conclusion that may be drawn from the results regarding ACS’s standardized approach and varying success is that it may benefit from variations in its expansionary strategy. Recommendations for effectively varying ACS’s entry strategy in order to succeed in the Chilean market are outlined in the report, and include suggestions for increased contact between ACS and potential partner organizations as well as suggestions for altering the partnership process

Effects of the New Bankruptcy Code on Creditors with Secured Claims in Residential Real Property

The sweeping changes brought about by the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978 may have a profound effect on the secured interests of lenders. The rights of a creditor against a debtor, and the procedure that he must follow vary with the chapter of the new Bankruptcy Code under which the debtor files his claim. Richard Mednick, a Judge on the Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of California, explains the procedures required and the interest affected by the most commonly invoked chapters of the new code. Judge Mednick strongly urges that creditors become familiar with these changes, as some new requirements may become traps for the unwary lender

Spatial but not verbal cognitive deficits at age 3 years in persistently antisocial individuals

Previous studies have repeatedly shown verbal intelligence deficits in adolescent antisocial individuals, but it is not known whether these deficits are in place prior to kindergarten or, alternatively, whether they are acquired throughout childhood. This study assesses whether cognitive deficits occur as early as age 3 years and whether they are specific to persistently antisocial individuals. Verbal and spatial abilities were assessed at ages 3 and 11 years in 330 male and female children, while antisocial behavior was assessed at ages 8 and 17 years. Persistently antisocial individuals (N = 47) had spatial deficits in the absence of verbal deficits at age 3 years compared to comparisons (N = 133), and also spatial and verbal deficits at age 11 years. Age 3 spatial deficits were independent of social adversity, early hyperactivity, poor test motivation, poor test comprehension, and social discomfort during testing, and they were found in females as well as males. Findings suggest that early spatial deficits contribute to persistent antisocial behavior whereas verbal deficits are developmentally acquired. An early-starter model is proposed whereby early spatial impairments interfere with early bonding and attachment, reflect disrupted right hemisphere affect regulation and expression, and predispose to later persistent antisocial behavior

Oxidation of progesterone and related compounds with hydrogen peroxide under various conditions

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityOxygenated derivatives of progesterone have been isolated from animal tissue such as adrenal glands. The oxygen, either as hydroxyl or a carbonyl, has been found at carbons 6, 11, 17, 18, 19 and 21. These oxygenated derivatives are of biological significance particularly if the or, b-unsaturated carbonyl system in ring A is retained. Many such substances can be obtained by subjecting progesterone to oxidation in biochemical systems, e.g., perfusion through the intact adrenal gland, incubation with gland preparations and fermentation by microbes. The exact courses of these oxidations are unknown. The object of this research was to see if oxygen could be directly introduced into the complex progesterone molecule, with retention of the ring A or, b-saturated carbonyl system, through the interaction of the substance with activated hydroxyl radicals produced by dissociation of hydrogen peroxide with ultraviolet light [TRUNCATED

Quantifying sleep architecture dynamics and individual differences using big data and Bayesian networks

The pattern of sleep stages across a night (sleep architecture) is influenced by biological, behavioral, and clinical variables. However, traditional measures of sleep architecture such as stage proportions, fail to capture sleep dynamics. Here we quantify the impact of individual differences on the dynamics of sleep architecture and determine which factors or set of factors best predict the next sleep stage from current stage information. We investigated the influence of age, sex, body mass index, time of day, and sleep time on static (e.g. minutes in stage, sleep efficiency) and dynamic measures of sleep architecture (e.g. transition probabilities and stage duration distributions) using a large dataset of 3202 nights from a non-clinical population. Multi-level regressions show that sex effects duration of all Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) stages, and age has a curvilinear relationship for Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO) and slow wave sleep (SWS) minutes. Bayesian network modeling reveals sleep architecture depends on time of day, total sleep time, age and sex, but not BMI. Older adults, and particularly males, have shorter bouts (more fragmentation) of Stage 2, SWS, and they transition less frequently to these stages. Additionally, we showed that the next sleep stage and its duration can be optimally predicted by the prior 2 stages and age. Our results demonstrate the potential benefit of big data and Bayesian network approaches in quantifying static and dynamic architecture of normal sleep

Diferenças transculturais nos conceitos de saúde e doença de crianças

INTRODUCTION: In spite of general agreement that cross-cultural research is needed in the health area, most existing investigations of children's development of health and illness-related concepts have involved samples from developed countries. The study examined the development of the concepts of health and illness as a function of subject's age, socio-economic status (SES), gender and grade level in a Brazilian sample of 96 elementary and junior high school students. METHODS: Subjects were interviewed individually and their ideas of health and illness were assessed through open-ended questions. Participants' answers were transcribed verbatim and subjected to content analysis. RESULTS: Chi-square analyses revealed significant age, school grade and SES-related differences in participants' concepts of health and illness. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The themes employed by subjects to define both health and illness were broadly consistent with those found by previous research. The study showed a predictable relationship between subject's age and school grade level and increasingly more highly differentiated and multidimensional concepts of health and illness. This investigation suggests that, for the most part, cross-cultural similarities in children's concepts of health and illness may be more striking than the differences.INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar de diversas pesquisas indicarem a necessidade de investigações transculturais na área de saúde, a maioria dos estudos existentes sobre o desenvolvimento de conceitos de saúde e doença em crianças e adultos foram realizados com amostras de países desenvolvidos. Assim, foi realizada uma pesquisa com o objetivo de investigar o impacto das variáveis idade, série escolar, nível socioeconômico e sexo na formação dos conceitos de saúde e doença em escolares brasileiros de primeiro grau. MÉTODO: Os sujeitos foram entrevistados individualmente, num total de 96, e suas idéias sobre saúde e doença foram medidas por questões abertas. Suas respostas foram transcritas na íntegra e estudadas por análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: Provas de Chi-quadrado revelaram diferenças significativas nos conceitos de saúde e doença dos participantes em relação à idade, série escolar e nível socioeconômico. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: Os temas empregados pela amostra para definir saúde e doença foram consistentes com os encontrados nas pesquisas provenientes de outros países. Na medida em que a idade e a série escolar aumentam, os conceitos de saúde e doença tornam-se mais diferenciados e multidimensionais. As semelhanças entre culturas na conceituação de saúde e doença mostraram-se muito mais intrigantes do que as diferenças.44845