La motivación extrínseca y su incidencia en el desarrollo de la confianza de los niños de 3 a 4 años de la Unidad Educativa Diez de Agosto, de la provincia de Imbabura, cantón Otavalo, en el período 2016-2017

Determinar la incidencia de la motivación extrínseca en el desarrollo la confianza de los niños de 3 a 4 años de la Unidad Educativa Diez de Agosto de la Provincia de Imbabura, cantón Otavalo, en el período 2016-2017.La presente investigación se dio en respuesta a la importancia que tiene la motivación extrínseca en los niños de 3 a 4 años, misma que deben recibir principalmente por parte de los padres que son los primeros maestros dentro del hogar y de sus docentes en el área educativa, para de esta manera conseguir un nivel adecuado de confianza que les permita realizar actividades para un óptimo desarrollo de habilidades y destrezas dentro del entorno que en el cual se desenvuelven. En la Unidad Educativa Diez de Agosto de la ciudad de Otavalo, en la provincia de Imbabura, se pudo detectar una falta de confianza y motivación de los niños correspondientes a esta edad, lo cual dificultaba la integración de elementos psicológicos y pedagógicos esenciales dentro del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Una vez que se detectó el problema con el apoyo de una encuesta aplicada a docentes y padres de familia además de una ficha de observación a los niños, se pudo organizar actividades necesarias que ayuden a tomar los correctivos necesarios y de esta manera contribuir a la solución del problema. Conocida esta problemática de la falta de confianza de los niños, se analizó la manera de elaborar una guía de actividades de motivación extrínseca basada en técnicas y estrategias modernas e innovadoras, que pueden servir como herramienta de apoyo al trabajo pedagógico que realizan las educadoras en el aula con los niños de preescolar, para conseguir el ansiado equilibrio afectivo, emocional y la consiguiente confianza necesarias para que el niño enfrente de manera adecuada la realización de todas sus actividades en la vida cotidiana. Para la elaboración de esta propuesta se utilizó documentos bibliográficos, internet y estudios científicos, constituyéndose en un instrumento pedagógico que se condensa en una guía que facilita al docente su trabajo para ayudar al niño con problemas de baja confianza y con dificultades en su aprendizaje

La influencia familiar y su incidencia en el desarrollo del lenguaje oral de los niños y niñas de 4 a 5 años de edad, de la unidad educativa Diez de Agosto, en el año lectivo 2020-2021

Analizar la incidencia de la Influencia Familiar en el desarrollo del lenguaje oral de los niños de 4 a 5 años de edad de la Unidad Educativa Diez de Agosto de la ciudad de Otavalo, en el año lectivo 2020-2021.La presente investigación se dio como respuesta a la importancia que tiene el Lenguaje Oral en los niños y niñas, dentro del ámbito social y cultural en el cual se desenvuelve; en la Unidad Educativa Diez de Agosto de la ciudad de Otavalo, se pudo detectar un bajo desarrollo del Lenguaje Oral en los niños y niñas, por el poco conocimiento de los padres o de la familia sobre la manera correcta de hablar a sus hijos desde tempranas edades, lo cual se evidenció al momento de realizar las actividades que involucraban la utilización del lenguaje. Con el fin de Analizar la incidencia familiar en el desarrollo del Lenguaje oral de los niños y niñas de 4 a 5 años de edad, se procedió a realizar una encuesta aplicada a docentes y padres de familia, además de un guion de observación a los niños y niñas. Encontrando como resultados más relevantes que la familia no tiene una buena comunicación con los hijos, ya sea porque la mayoría de las familias están compuestas por madres solteras o divorciadas, motivo por el cual tienen que salir a trabajar, dejando a sus hijos al cuidado de otros familiares, además de tener poco conocimiento sobre estrategias que ayuden a sus hijos en el desarrollo del lenguaje. Conocida esta dificultad del poco desarrollo del lenguaje oral en los infantes, se analizó la manera de elaborar un plan de formación familiar orientado a fortalecer el desarrollo del lenguaje oral de los niños, que pueda servir como una herramienta de apoyo al trabajo pedagógico que realizan las educadoras en el aula y también para que los padres de familia puedan realizar en casa actividades que ayuden en el mejoramiento del lenguaje oral de sus hijos e hijas. Para la elaboración de este Plan se utilizó documentos bibliográficos, internet y estudios científicos, constituyéndose en un instrumento pedagógico que se concentra en un plan que facilita a la docente y al padre de familia en la realización de las actividades y de esta manera ayudar al niño y niña a un buen desarrollo del Lenguaje Oral.Maestrí

Foliar plasticity related to gradients of heat and drought stress across crown orientations in three Mediterranean Quercus species

[EN]Studies on plasticity at the level of a single individual plant provide indispensable information to predict leaf responses to climate change, because they allow better identification of the environmental factors that determine differences in leaf traits in the absence of genetic differences. Most of these studies have focused on the responses of leaf traits to variations in the light environment along vertical gradients, thus paying less attention to possible differences in the intensity of water stress among canopy orientations. In this paper, we analyzed the differences in leaf traits traditionally associated with changes in the intensity of water stress between east and west crown orientations in three Quercus species. The leaves facing west experienced similar solar radiation levels but higher maximum temperatures and lower daily minimum water potentials than those of the east orientation. In response to these differences, the leaves of the west orientation showed smaller size and less chlorophyll concentration, higher percentage of palisade tissue and higher density of stomata and trichomes. These responses would confirm the role of such traits in the tolerance to water stress and control of water losses by transpiration. For all traits, the species with the longest leaf life span exhibited the greatest plasticity between orientations. By contrast, no differences between canopy positions were observed for leaf thickness, leaf mass per unit area and venation patterns

Patterns of leaf morphology and leaf N content in relation to winter temperatures in three evergreen tree species

[EN] The competitive equilibrium between deciduous and perennial species in a new scenario of climate change may depend closely on the productivity of leaves along the different seasons of the year and on the morphological and chemical adaptations required for leaf survival during the different seasons. The aim of the present work was to analyze such adaptations in the leaves of three evergreen species (Quercus ilex, Q. suber and Pinus pinaster) and their responses to between-site differences in the intensity of winter harshness. We explore the hypothesis that the harshness of winter would contribute to enhancing the leaf traits that allow them to persist under conditions of stress. The results revealed that as winter harshness increases a decrease in leaf size occurs in all three species, together with an increase in the content of nitrogen per unit leaf area and a greater leaf mass per unit area, which seems to be achieved only through increased thickness, with no associated changes in density. P. pinaster was the species with the most intense response to the harshening of winter conditions, undergoing a more marked thickening of its needles than the two Quercus species. Our findings thus suggest that lower winter temperatures involve an increase in the cost of leaf production of evergreen species, which must be taken into account in the estimation of the final cost and benefit balance of evergreens. Such cost increases would be more pronounced for those species that, like P. pinaster, show a stronger response to the winter cold

Flavonoids and Related Compounds in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Therapy

P. 2991-3012Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, is one of the most common chronic liver diseases, which may progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in the liver arising from multiple factors: increased fatty acid uptake, increased de novo lipogenesis, reduced fatty acid oxidation and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) secretion. Most therapeutic approaches for this disease are often directed at reducing body mass index and improving insulin resistance through lifestyle modifications, bariatric surgery and pharmacological treatments. Nevertheless, there is increasing evidence that the use of natural compounds, as polyphenols, exert multiple benefits on the disorders associated with NAFLD. These molecules seem to be able to regulate the expression of genes mainly involved in de novo lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation, which contributes to their lipid-lowering effect in the liver. Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrogenic and antilipogenic properties seem to confer on them a great potential as strategy for preventing NAFLD progression. In this review, we summarized the effects of these compounds, especially flavonoids, and their mechanisms of action, that have been reported in several studies carried out in in vitro and in vivo models of NAFL

Intestinal microbiota modulation in obesity-related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

[EN] Obesity and associated comorbidities, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), are a major concern to public well-being worldwide due to their high prevalence among the population, and its tendency on the rise point to as important threats in the future. Therapeutic approaches for obesity-associated disorders have been circumscribed to lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapies have demonstrated limited efficacy. Over the last few years, different studies have shown a significant role of intestinal microbiota (IM) on obesity establishment and NAFLD development. Therefore, modulation of IM emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity-associated diseases. Administration of prebiotic and probiotic compounds, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) and exercise protocols have shown a modulatory action over the IM. In this review we provide an overview of current approaches targeting IM which have shown their capacity to counteract NAFLD and metabolic syndrome features in human patients and animal models.SIThis work was supported by grants to JG-G and SS-C from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad/FEDER (BFU2017- 87960-R) and Junta de Castilla y León (LE063U16 and GRS 1888/A/18). DP was supported by a fellowship from Junta de Castilla y León co-financed by the European Social Fund. EN was supported by Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria of León. MG-M was supported by CIBERehd contracts. CIBERehd is funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain

Intestinal microbiota transplantation to germ-free mice in a in vivo model of nafld associated with a quercetin treatment

15 p.To select mice donors for intestinal microbiota transplantation based on its metabolic phenotype in response to a high fat diet (HFD) and quercetin treatment (Q). Intestinal microbiota. Resumen de un trabajo resultado del proyecto de investigación financiado por la Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León (referencia LE063U16)S

Protective effect of quercetin on high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice is mediated by modulating intestinal microbiota imbalance and related gut-liver axis activation

60 p.Gut microbiota is involved in obesity, metabolic syndrome and the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It has been recently suggested that the flavonoid quercetin may have the ability to modulate the intestinal microbiota composition, suggesting a prebiotic capacity which highlights a great therapeutic potential in NAFLD. The present study aims to investigate benefits of experimental treatment with quercetin on gut microbial balance and related gut-liver axis activation in a nutritional animal model of NAFLD associated to obesity. C57BL/6J mice were challenged with high fat diet (HFD) supplemented or not with quercetin for 16 weeks. HFD induced obesity, metabolic syndrome and the development of hepatic steatosis as main hepatic histological finding. Increased accumulation of intrahepatic lipids was associated with altered gene expression related to lipid metabolism, as a result of deregulation of their major modulators. Quercetin supplementation decreased insulin resistance and NAFLD activity score, by reducing the intrahepatic lipid accumulation through its ability to modulate lipid metabolism gene expression, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-dependent lipoperoxidation and related lipotoxicity. Microbiota composition was determined via 16S ribosomal RNA Illumina next-generation sequencing. Metagenomic studies revealed HFD-dependent differences at phylum, class and genus levels leading to dysbiosis, characterized by an increase in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and in Gram-negative bacteria, and a dramatically increased detection of Helicobacter genus. Dysbiosis was accompanied by endotoxemia, intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut-liver axis alteration and subsequent inflammatory gene overexpression. Dysbiosis-mediated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)-NF-B signaling pathway activation was associated with inflammasome initiation response and reticulum stress pathway induction. Quercetin reverted gut microbiota imbalance and related endotoxemia-mediated TLR-4 pathway induction, with subsequent inhibition of inflammasome response and reticulum stress pathway activation, leading to the blockage of lipid metabolism gene expression deregulation. Our results support the suitability of quercetin as a therapeutic approach for obesity-associated NAFLD via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and prebiotic integrative response.Gut microbiota is involved in obesity, metabolic syndrome and the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). It has been recently suggested that the flavonoid quercetin may have the ability to modulate the intestinal microbiota composition, suggesting a prebiotic capacity which highlights a great therapeutic potential in NAFLD. The present study aims to investigate benefits of experimental treatment with quercetin on gut microbial balance and related gut-liver axis activation in a nutritional animal model of NAFLD associated to obesity. C57BL/6J mice were challenged with high fat diet (HFD) supplemented or not with quercetin for 16 weeks. HFD induced obesity, metabolic syndrome and the development of hepatic steatosis as main hepatic histological finding. Increased accumulation of intrahepatic lipids was associated with altered gene expression related to lipid metabolism, as a result of deregulation of their major modulators. Quercetin supplementation decreased insulin resistance and NAFLD activity score, by reducing the intrahepatic lipid accumulation through its ability to modulate lipid metabolism gene expression, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)-dependent lipoperoxidation and related lipotoxicity. Microbiota composition was determined via 16S ribosomal RNA Illumina next-generation sequencing. Metagenomic studies revealed HFD-dependent differences at phylum, class and genus levels leading to dysbiosis, characterized by an increase in Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and in Gram-negative bacteria, and a dramatically increased detection of Helicobacter genus. Dysbiosis was accompanied by endotoxemia, intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut-liver axis alteration and subsequent inflammatory gene overexpression. Dysbiosis-mediated toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4)-NF-B signaling pathway activation was associated with inflammasome initiation response and reticulum stress pathway induction. Quercetin reverted gut microbiota imbalance and related endotoxemia-mediated TLR-4 pathway induction, with subsequent inhibition of inflammasome response and reticulum stress pathway activation, leading to the blockage of lipid metabolism gene expression deregulation. Our results support the suitability of quercetin as a therapeutic approach for obesity-associated NAFLD via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and prebiotic integrative respons

Akkermansia spp. mediates protection from obesity-associated NAFLD development in germ free mice following intestinal microbiota transplantation from high fat diet and quercetin treated donors

1 p.Dysbiosis and gut-liver axis alteration have been pointed as important contributors to obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Modulation of intestinal microbiota (IM) emerge as a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity-associated NAFLD. This study aims to determine the effect of IM transplantation and quercetin supplementation in a high fat diet (HFD)-based NAFLD model in germ free mice (GFm). Resumen de un trabajo resultado del proyecto de investigación financiado por la Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León (referencia LE063U16)S

Intestinal Microbiota Transplantation From HFD-fed and Quercetin Treated Donors Results in a Complex Metabolic Phenotype Transfer that Modulates Obesity-Related NAFLD in Germ Free Mice

2 p.Intestinal microbiota imbalance and related gut-liver axis activation have been identified as key mechanisms in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Modulation of intestinal microbiota, through administration of prebiotics or faecal microbiota transplantation, is a promising therapeutic approach for obesity associated diseases including NAFLD. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the benefits of gut microbiota transplantation from donors to germ free mice (GFm) following an experimental treatment with the flavonoid quercetin in a high fat diet (HFD)-based NAFLD model. Resumen de un trabajo resultado del proyecto de investigación financiado por la Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León (referencia LE063U16)S