State - Municipality - Citizen: Rational Territorial Reform against Emotional Will of the Citizenry in West Germany?

The 1960s and early 1970s were characterized by planning optimism and major reforms associated with notions of efficiency on the one hand, and a change in political culture on the other. When government bodies in the Federal Republic of Germany initiated in a top-down way a comprehensive territorial reform and intervened into the everyday life of many people this provoked resistance from citizens. Using the example of the municipal territorial reform as carried out in the Federal Republic, the article addresses tensions as well as a governance processes between the representatives of the state, the municipalities and citizens alongside with a fundamental change in political culture during the 1960s and 1970s. The article shows how the local municipalities reacted to territorial and functional reforms elaborated by the federal and state governments and the ministerial bureaucracy of West Germany with a special focus on North Rhine-Westphalia. It sheds light not only on new players in the political arena, municipalities and local citizens’ initiatives that were increasingly trying to take an active role in decision-making, but also a general change in political culture. Claims for political and social participation and political transparency, a “vital civic spirit” which opposed state planning optimist approaches ‒ demands that those responsible for the reform had to react on. The article examines the redefinitions of the relationship between state and municipality, and citizens in the course of reform processes and related political debates, and analyses how far decisions-making processes changed

Gelebte Transnationalität: Deutsche Gesangskultur in den USA im langen 19. Jahrhundert

In this article singing is not first and foremost interpreted in its tonal texture, but as a cultural, social and political-historical phenomenon. Using the example of the German vocal culture in the USA in the "long 19th century", the function and effect of singing is examined. The focus is on songs, musical symbols and rituals as an expression of social and political communication. Singing together strengthened the formation and sharpening of a specific identity of the so-called German-Americans. In the German-language singing the old "Heimat" did not remain abstract, but was experienced in a concrete emotional way and connected with the American foreign land or the new homeland. The vocals about German fatherland were thus a point of reference in the new American world, but at the same time this connection was relativized and historicized in the course of time. This transculturality and transnationality lived through singing proved to be a social and political challenge, especially in times of increasing national tensions

Unabated bottom water warming and freshening in the south Pacific Ocean.

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 124(3), (2019): 1778-1794, doi:10.1029/2018JC014775.Abyssal ocean warming contributed substantially to anthropogenic ocean heat uptake and global sea level rise between 1990 and 2010. In the 2010s, several hydrographic sections crossing the South Pacific Ocean were occupied for a third or fourth time since the 1990s, allowing for an assessment of the decadal variability in the local abyssal ocean properties among the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. These observations from three decades reveal steady to accelerated bottom water warming since the 1990s. Strong abyssal (z > 4,000 m) warming of 3.5 (±1.4) m°C/year (m°C = 10−3 °C) is observed in the Ross Sea, directly downstream from bottom water formation sites, with warming rates of 2.5 (±0.4) m°C/year to the east in the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Basin and 1.3 (±0.2) m°C/year to the north in the Southwest Pacific Basin, all associated with a bottom‐intensified descent of the deepest isotherms. Warming is consistently found across all sections and their occupations within each basin, demonstrating that the abyssal warming is monotonic, basin‐wide, and multidecadal. In addition, bottom water freshening was strongest in the Ross Sea, with smaller amplitude in the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Basin in the 2000s, but is discernible in portions of the Southwest Pacific Basin by the 2010s. These results indicate that bottom water freshening, stemming from strong freshening of Ross Shelf Waters, is being advected along deep isopycnals and mixed into deep basins, albeit on longer timescales than the dynamically driven, wave‐propagated warming signal. We quantify the contribution of the warming to local sea level and heat budgets.S. G. P. was supported by a U.S. GO‐SHIP postdoctoral fellowship through NSF grant OCE‐1437015, which also supported L. D. T. and S. M. and collection of U.S. GO‐SHIP data since 2014 on P06, S4P, P16, and P18. G. C. J. is supported by the Global Ocean Monitoring and Observation Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce and NOAA Research. B. M. S and S. E. W. were supported by the Australian Government Department of the Environment and CSIRO through the Australian Climate Change Science Programme and by the National Environmental Science Program. We are grateful for the hard work of the science parties, officers, and crew of all the research cruises on which these CTD data were collected. We also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments that improve the manuscript. This is PMEL contribution 4870. All CTD data sets used in this analysis are publicly available at the website (https://cchdo.ucsd.edu).2019-08-2

Influence of mixing on CFC uptake and CFC ages in the North Pacific thermocline

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2004. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (2004): C07014, doi:10.1029/2003JC001988.A diagnostic, isopycnal advection-diffusion model based on a climatological, geostrophic flow field is used to study the uptake of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) into the portion of the thermocline that outcrops in the open North Pacific (σ θ ≤ 26.6 kg m−3). In addition to advection, isopycnal diffusion is required to match the CFC data collected during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) in the early 1990s. Using reduced outcrop saturations of 80–95% for isopycnals outcropping in the northwestern North Pacific (σ θ ≥ 25.4 kg m−3), together with an isopcynal interior diffusivity of 2000 m2 s−1 and enhanced diffusion (5000 m2 s−1) in the Kuroshio Extension region, further improves the model-data agreement. Along-isopycnal diffusion is particularly important for isopycnals with shadow zones/pool regions in the western subtropical North Pacific that are isolated from direct advective ventilation. The isopycnal mixing causes an estimated increase in CFC-12 inventories on these isopycnals, compared to advection only, ranging from 10–20% (σ θ = 25.6 kg m−3) to 50–130% (σ θ = 26.6 kg m−3) over the subtropics in 1993. This contribution has important consequences for subduction rate estimates derived from CFC inventories and for the location of the subsurface CFC maxima. When tracer ages are derived from the modeled CFC distributions, time-evolving mixing biases become apparent that reflect the nonlinearities in the atmospheric CFC time histories. Comparison with model-calculated ideal ages suggests that during the time of WOCE (∼1993), ventilation ages based on CFC-12 were biased young by as much as 16–24 years for pCFC-12 ages of 25 years, underestimating ideal ages by as much as 40–50%.Most of this work was performed while S.M. was a graduate student at the University of Washington under the support of NSF grant OCE-9819192. A postdoctoral scholarship for S.M. at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, with funding provided by the Doherty Foundation, helped complete this work. R.E.S. acknowledges support from NSF grant OCE-0136897

Pacific anthropogenic carbon between 1991 and 2017

© The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Carter, B. R., Feely, R. A., Wanninkhof, R., Kouketsu, S., Sonnerup, R. E., Pardo, P. C., Sabine, C. L., Johnson, G. C., Sloyan, B. M., Murata, A., Mecking, S., Tilbrook, B., Speer, K., Talley, L. D., Millero, F. J., Wijffels, S. E., Macdonald, A. M., Gruber, N., & Bullister, J. L. Pacific anthropogenic carbon between 1991 and 2017. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 33(5), (2019):597-617, doi:10.1029/2018GB006154.We estimate anthropogenic carbon (Canth) accumulation rates in the Pacific Ocean between 1991 and 2017 from 14 hydrographic sections that have been occupied two to four times over the past few decades, with most sections having been recently measured as part of the Global Ocean Ship‐based Hydrographic Investigations Program. The rate of change of Canth is estimated using a new method that combines the extended multiple linear regression method with improvements to address the challenges of analyzing multiple occupations of sections spaced irregularly in time. The Canth accumulation rate over the top 1,500 m of the Pacific increased from 8.8 (±1.1, 1σ) Pg of carbon per decade between 1995 and 2005 to 11.7 (±1.1) PgC per decade between 2005 and 2015. For the entire Pacific, about half of this decadal increase in the accumulation rate is attributable to the increase in atmospheric CO2, while in the South Pacific subtropical gyre this fraction is closer to one fifth. This suggests a substantial enhancement of the accumulation of Canth in the South Pacific by circulation variability and implies that a meaningful portion of the reinvigoration of the global CO2 sink that occurred between ~2000 and ~2010 could be driven by enhanced ocean Canth uptake and advection into this gyre. Our assessment suggests that the accuracy of Canth accumulation rate reconstructions along survey lines is limited by the accuracy of the full suite of hydrographic data and that a continuation of repeated surveys is a critical component of future carbon cycle monitoring.The data we use can be accessed at CCHDO website (https://cchdo.ucsd.edu/) and GLODAP website (https://www.glodap.info/). This research would not be possible without the hard work of the scientists and crew aboard the many repeated hydrographic cruises coordinated by GO‐SHIP, which is funded by NSF OCE and NOAA OAR. We thank funding agencies and program managers as follows: U.S., Australian, Japanese national science funding agencies that support data collection, data QA/QC, and data centers. Contributions from B. R. C., R. A. F., and R. W. are supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing Program (Data Management and Synthesis Grant: N8R3CEA‐PDM managed by Kathy Tedesco and David Legler). G. C. J. is supported by the Climate Observation Division, Climate Program Office, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce and NOAA Research (fund reference 100007298), grant (N8R1SE3‐PGC). B. M. S was supported by the Australian Government Department of the Environment and CSIRO through the Australian Climate Change Science Programme and by the National Environmental Science Program. N. G. acknowledges support by ETH Zurich. This is JISAO contribution 2018‐0149 and PMEL contribution 4786. We fondly remember John Bullister as a treasured friend, valued colleague, and dedicated mentor, and we thank him for sharing his days with us. He is and will be dearly missed

Variability in the meridional overturning circulation at 32°S in the Pacific Ocean diagnosed by inverse box models

The meridional circulation and transport at 32°S in the Pacific Ocean in 1992 and 2017 are compared with analogous data from 2003 and 2009 computed by Hernández-Guerra and Talley (2016). The hydrographic data come from the GO-SHIP database and an inverse box model has been applied with similar constraints as in Hernández-Guerra and Talley (2016). In 1992, 2003 and 2017 the pattern of the overturning streamfunction and circulation are similar, but in 2009 the pattern of the circulation changes in the whole water column. The horizontal distribution of mass transports at all depths in 1992 and 2017 resembles the familiar shape of the “classical gyre” also observed in 2003 and is notably different to the “bowed gyre” found in 2009. The hydrographic data have been compared with data obtained from the numerical modelling outputs of ECCO, SOSE, GLORYS, and MOM. Results show that none of these models properly represents the “bowed gyre” circulation in 2009, and this change in circulation pattern was not observed during the entire length of model simulations. Additionally, the East Australian Current in the western boundary presents higher mass transport in the hydrographic data than in any numerical modelling output. Its poleward mass transport ranges from −35.1 ± 2.0 Sv in 1992 to −54.3 ± 2.6 Sv in 2003. Conversely, the Peru-Chile Current is well represented in models and presents an equatorward mass transport from 2.3 ± 0.8 Sv in 2009 to 4.4 ± 1.0 Sv in 1992. Furthermore, the Peru-Chile Undercurrent presents a more intense poleward mass transport in 2009 (−3.8 ± 1.2 Sv). In addition, the temperature and freshwater transports in 1992 (0.42 ± 0.12 PW and 0.26 ± 0.08 Sv), 2003 (0.38 ± 0.12 PW and 0.25 ± 0.02 Sv), and 2017 (0.42 ± 0.12 PW and 0.34 ± 0.08 Sv) are similar, but significantly different from those in 2009 (0.16 ± 0.12 PW and 0.50 ± 0.03 Sv, respectively). To clarify the causes of these different circulation schemes, a linear Rossby wave model is adopted, which includes the wind-stress curl variability as remote forcing and the response to sea surface height changes along 30°S.This study was supported by the SAGA project (RTI2018-100844-B-C31) funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades of the Spanish Government. This article is a publication of the Unidad Océano y Clima from Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, an R&D&I CSIC-associate unit. The wind data were collected from NCEP Reanalysis Derived data (http://www.eslr.noaa.gov/psd/). Hydrographic data were collected from the CCHDO website in the frame of International WOCE and GO-SHIP projects (https://cchdo.ucsd.edu/). We gratefully acknowledge the major efforts of the WOCE/GO-SHIP program’s chief scientists that collected these transect data: H. L. Bryden, M. McCartney, J. Toole M. Fukasawa, S. Watanabe, Y. Yoshikawa, A. Macdonald, R. Curry, S. Mecking, and K. Speer. ECCO data are available for download at https://ecco.jpl.nasa.gov/. MOM data are available at https://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/mom-ocean-model/. SOSE data are available at http://sose.ucsd.edu. GLORYS data are available for download at https://resources.marine.copernicus.eu/. The SSHA data were collected from the Aviso database (http://las.aviso.oceanobs.com). The authors declare no competing interests. This work has been completed as part of C. Arumí-Planas work at IOCAG, in the doctoral program in Oceanography and Global Change. C. Arumí-Planas acknowledges the Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información (ACIISI) grant program of “Apoyo al personal investigador en formación” TESIS2021010028.Peer reviewe

Impacts of increasing anthropogenic soluble iron and nitrogen deposition on ocean biogeochemistry

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 23 (2009): GB3016, doi:10.1029/2008GB003440.We present results from transient sensitivity studies with the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling (BEC) ocean model to increasing anthropogenic atmospheric inorganic nitrogen (N) and soluble iron (Fe) deposition over the industrial era. Elevated N deposition results from fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, and elevated soluble Fe deposition results from increased atmospheric processing in the presence of anthropogenic pollutants and soluble Fe from combustion sources. Simulations with increasing Fe and increasing Fe and N inputs raised simulated marine nitrogen fixation, with the majority of the increase in the subtropical North and South Pacific, and raised primary production and export in the high-nutrient low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions. Increasing N inputs alone elevated small phytoplankton and diatom production, resulting in increased phosphorus (P) and Fe limitation for diazotrophs, hence reducing nitrogen fixation (∼6%). Globally, the simulated primary production, sinking particulate organic carbon (POC) export. and atmospheric CO2 uptake were highest under combined increase in Fe and N inputs compared to preindustrial control. Our results suggest that increasing combustion iron sources and aerosol Fe solubility along with atmospheric anthropogenic nitrogen deposition are perturbing marine biogeochemical cycling and could partially explain the observed trend toward increased P limitation at station ALOHA in the subtropical North Pacific. Excess inorganic nitrogen ([NO3 −] + [NH4 +] − 16[PO4 3−]) distributions may offer useful insights for understanding changing ocean circulation and biogeochemistry.This work was supported by funding from NSF grant OCE-0452972 to J. K. Moore and C. S. Zender. Computations were supported by the Earth System Modeling Facility at UCI (NSFATMO321380) and by the Climate Simulation Laboratory at National Center for Atmospheric Research. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation. N.M. would like to acknowledge the assistance of NSF– Carbon and Water (ATM-0628472), and N.M., S.D., and C.L. would like to acknowledge the assistance of NASA-IDS (NNX07AL80G)