Monitoring the effects of vegetation cover losses on land surface temperature dynamics using geospatial approach in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh

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Razvoj normaliziranog indeksa tla za urbane studije upotrebom podataka daljinskih mjerenja

This paper presents two novel spectral soil area indices to identify bare soil area and distinguish it more accurately from the urban impervious surface area (ISA). This study designs these indices based on medium spatial resolution remote sensing data from Landsat 8 OLI dataset. Extracting bare soil or urban ISA is more challenging than extracting water bodies or vegetation in multispectral Remote Sensing (RS). Bare soil and the urban ISA area often were mixed because of their spectral similarity in multispectral sensors. This study proposes Normalized Soil Area Index 1 (NSAI1) and Normalized Soil Area Index 2 (NSAI2) using typical multispectral bands. Experiments show that these two indices have an overall accuracy of around 90%. The spectral similarity index (SDI) shows these two indices have higher separability between soil area and ISA than previous indices. The result shows that percentile thresholds can effectively classify bare soil areas from the background. The combined use of both indices measured the soil area of the study area over 71 km2. Most importantly, proposed soil indices can refine urban ISA measurement accuracy in spatiotemporal studies.Ovaj rad prikazuje dva nova spektralna indeksa tla kako bi se identificiralo golo tlo te kako bi se bolje razlikovalo od urbanih nepropusnih površina (ISA). Ti indeksi su definirani na temelju srednje prostorne rezolucije daljinskih podataka Landsat 8 OLI skupa podataka. U multispektralnim daljinskim mjerenjima (RS) prepoznavanje golog tla ili urbane ISA podloge je složenije od prepoznavanja vodenih tijela ili podloge s vegetacijom. Zbog sličnosti spektara dobivenih multispektralnim senzorima golo tlo i urbana ISA površina često se ne razlučuju. Ova studija predlaže dva normalizirana indeksa tla (NSAI1 i NSAI2) korištenjem tipičnih multispektralnih pojaseva. Eksperimenti pokazuju da ta dva indeksa imaju sveukupnu točnost od približno 90%. Indeks spektralne sličnosti (SDI) pokazuje da ta dva indeksa razlikuju golo tlo od urbane ISA podloge bolje nego dosadašnji indeksi. Rezultati pokazuju da percentilni pragovi mogu efikasno razlučiti površine s golim tlom od pozadine. Kombiniranom upotrebom oba indeksa izmjerena je površina tla veća od 71 km2. Najznačajniji rezultat je taj da predloženi indeksi tla mogu poboljšati točnost mjerenja urbanih ISA u u prostorno-vremenskim studijama

Women in Bangladesh

Abstract The study aims to understand the food habit and dietary nutritional status of rural women in Bangladesh. The research is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data collected from a structured questionnaire survey through interview and observation when some secondary data also collected from different sources. 384 respondents have been interviewed form nine villages of Ishwardi, Pabna; a North-Western district of Bangladesh. According to primary survey, 90% of our respondents are literate and 43% households earn less than monthly 16 thousand local currencies equivalent to around 200 USD. Every four out of five women are housewife or work in home and rest of them work outside. Rice is the staple food where 38.06% respondents took rice three times per day and 54.72% women have rice twice. Around 64% respondents took fruits daily but around 80% respondents have chicken on weekly basis. Even, 17.9% people took chicken monthly basis. Less than 2% women drink milk daily and 50.3% women drink on weekly basis. 50.52% respondents have normal body mass index (BMI) condition. The women from Hindu religious background are vegetarian in general. So they don't consume animal beef, meat or chicken. 63.3% women ate egg once in a week and 3.67% consume it daily. Though the overall dietary condition of women is improving in developing country like Bangladesh, but it is still not sufficient for many

Seasonal Variations of Growth Pattern and Condition of Paradise threadfin <i>Polynemus paradiseus </i> (Polynemidae) from Tetulia River in Southern Bangladesh

582-590A total of 900 individuals (pre-monsoon = 250, monsoon = 350, post-monsoon = 300) of P. paradiseus were collected from the fishers catches during January to December 2014. For each individual, TL (total length) and BW (body weight) were measured with 0.1 cm and 0.1 g accuracy, respectively. Length weight relationship (LWR) was estimated by the equation, W = a × Lb. Length-frequency distributions (LFD) were significantly different between the seasons (P &lt; 0.001). Allometric coefficient (b values) of LWRs (TL vs. BW) indicated isometric growth in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon (b ≈ 3), but negative allometric growth was found in monsoon (b &lt; 3). All LWRs were highly significant (P &lt; 0.001) with all r2 values ≥ 0.984. The LWRs were significantly difference between the seasons (ANCOVA, P &lt; 0.001). The KF is highly correlated with TL (Spearman rank test, P &lt; 0.001) in all the seasons, thus suggesting the best condition factor for assessing the wellbeing of this fish in our study area. Additionally, the WR was significantly different from 100 (Wilcoxon rank test, P = 0.003) in pre-monsoon, which indicates the habitat was in poor condition for P. paradiseus, nevertheless it was not significantly differed in monsoon (P = 0.0186) and post-monsoon (P = 0.423). The calculated Lm was 12.1 cm in TL and form factor was 0.0061 for P. paradiseus in the Tetulia River

Fever among the Ethnic Santal People in Bangladesh

Abstract The study tries to find out the scenario of black fever among the Santal people in Bangladesh. Santal patient health seeking behaviors related with their community people decision, free treatment consideration, preferable healthcare option. Those the entire thing is related with culture. The study is explorative and to some extent descriptive in nature that enforces to adopt mixed with qualitative and quantitative data as well as secondary and primary data. Research shows that 81% patient depend too much on treatment of indigenous physician (Kabiraj). Also barriers of accessing health care are the prevailing factor for health seeking behavior. 92% respondents said awareness and knowledge regarding black fever has too much impact. 43% people are influenced by church and Non-Governmental Organization (N.G.O) during decision making regarding treatment. 54% patients state that, skin turns into more black after taking medicine. Economic condition of lower class people has too much impact on health seeking behavior also. Santal people traditional practice is responsible attacked by black fever. If we will able to conscious ethnic people, dying and suffering regarding black fever will dissolve

Check list of fish species availability in Rupsha River, Bangladesh: Threat identification and recommendation for sustainable management

1292-1298Present study was conducted to assess fish species availability in the Rupsha River during February 2012 to January 2013. A total of 64 species of fish under 11 orders and 30 families were documented during the study period. Perciformes was the most dominant order constituting 34.38% of the total fish population followed by the Cypriniformes (25%), Siluriformes (18.75%), Clupeiformes (4.69%), Synbranchiformes (4.69%), Mugiliformes (3.13%) and Tetraodontiformes (3.13%). Osteoglossiformes, Beloniformes, Anguiliformes, and Aulopiformes were the least numerous orders constituting only 1.56% each of the total fish population. Among them, 5 species were vulnerable, 8 species were endangered and only 1 species were critically endangered. In addition, 48.43% of the available fishes are categorized as rare or very rare in the present study while only 23.44% species were available in large quantities throughout the year

Comparative Study of Carp Pituitary Gland (PG) extract and synthetic hormone ovaprim Used in the induced breeding of stinging catfish, heteropneustes fossilis(Siluriformes: Heteropneustidae)

The present study compared the effectiveness of the Carp pituitary gland extract (PGE) and the synthetic hormone Ovaprim on spawning success of the stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis during induced breeding. The PGE hormone was administered at 6 mg/kg of body weight for females and 2 mg/kg of body weight for males. In contrast, Ovaprim was administered at 0.3 ml/kg body weight and 0.1 ml/kg of body weight for females and males, respectively. The spawning success was higher in the Ovaprim-induced individuals with better performance recorded at all stages of spawning including latency period, ovulation, fertilization, hatching and incubation period compared to the PGE-induced individuals. In the Ovaprim induced individuals, the latency period occurred within 10 hours while in PGinduced individuals, the latency was after 15 hours. Similarly, ovulation rate was 90% for Ovaprim injected fish but lower 78.7% for PGE injected fish. Higher rate of fertilization was observed in the eggs of Ovaprim treated fishes 86.7% compared to 69.2% in PGE induced fish. On the other hand, hatching rate was 76.9% in eggs spawned from Ovaprim induced individuals compared to 72.7% in PGE induced fish and the incubation period was also shorter at 3.5 h for eggs from Ovaprim-induced fish while the PGE induced fish eggs required a 5-h incubation period. Finally, the results showed that Ovaprim treated fish yielded better results compared the PGE treated fish in terms of ovulation, fertilization and hatching rates of H. fossilis

Life-history Traits of the Blacktrip sardinella, <i> Sardinella melanura</i> (Clupeidae) in the Gwadar, Balochistan Coast, Pakistan

397-404The present study describes the first complete and comprehensive description on life-history traits of Sardinella melanura including length-frequency distributions (LFDs), length-weight relationships (LWRs), condition factors (allometric condition, KA; Fulton’s condition, KF; relative condition, KR), and relative weight (WR) in the Gwadar, Balochistan Coast, Pakistan. Additionally, form factor (a3.0) using available a and b regression parameters of LWRs and size at first sexual maturity (Lm) using available maximum length for 07 Sardinella spp. in 23 water-bodies were calculated. Seasonal samples of S. melanura were collected from the Gwadar, Balochistan Coast, Pakistan using gill nets during July 2013 to June 2014. Total length (TL) was measured to nearest 0.1 cm using digital slide calipers and total body weight (BW) was measured using an electronic balance with 0.1 g accuracy for each individual. A total of 600 individuals of S. melanura were analyzed, where minimum and maximum TL was 12.5 cm and 23.00 cm, respectively and BW was 16.5g and 114.8 g, correspondingly. Highest number (25.83%) of its population stands at 17.00 cm to 18.00 cm size group. The b value of LWR indicated negative allometric growth in the population. All the condition factors (KA, KF, KR, and WR) were significantly correlated with TL and BW (P &lt; 0.001). WR showed significant difference from 100 (P &lt; 0.001) representing imbalanced population in presence of prey and predator. In addition, the a3.0 for S. melanura was 0.0078. The size at first sexual maturity (Lm) was 14.43 cm in TL of S. melanura in the Gwadar, Balochistan coast, Pakistan

Temporal variations of condition and prey-predator status for two Halfbeaks (<i>Hemiramphus archipelagicus</i> and <i>H. lutkei</i>) in the Karachi Coast of Pakistan through multi-model inference

562-568The present study focuses on the temporal variations of condition through multiple functions (allometric, KA; Fulton's, KF; relative, KR) and prey-predator status through relative weight (WR) for two halfbeaks, Hemiramphus archipelagicus (Collette & Parin, 1978) and Hemiramphus lutkei (Valenciennes, 1847) using the monthly samples from the Karachi Coast of Pakistan during January to December 2014. The smallest individual was 14.0 cm in TL for both species, but the largest individuals were 23.5 in TL for H. archipelagicus and 27.8 cm in TL for H. lutkei. The BW ranged from 8.0-27.4 g for H. archipelagicus and 7.0-37.4 g for H. lutkei. There was significant differences in length-frequency distributions (LFDs) between two species (PKF was highly correlated with TL for both species (Spearman rank test, PKF is the best condition factor for assessing the wellbeing of this two Halfbeaks in the Karachi Coast of Pakistan. There was no significant relationships between TL vs. KA (rs=-0.0264, P=0.056 for H. archipelagicus and rs=-0.0883, P=0.855), TL vs. KR (rs=-0.0108, P=0.813 for H. archipelagicus and rs= 0.0235, P=0.608) and TL vs. WR (rs=-0.0099, P=0.828 for H. archipelagicus and rs=0.0235, P=0.608 for H. lutkei), but significant relationships were found in TL vs. KF, BW vs. KA,BW vs. KF, BW vs. KR and BW vs. WR (PWR was not significantly different from 100 (Wilcoxon signed rank test , P=0.654 for H. archipelagicus and P=0.405 for H. lutkei) for both Halfbeaks in the Karachi Coast of Pakistan, indicating the habitat is still in balance condition with the good combination of prey and predators