Expressions, Looks and Others' Minds

We can know some things about each others' mental lives. The view that some of this knowledge is genuinely perceptual is getting traction. But the idea that we can see any of each others' mental states themselves - the Simple Perceptual Hypothesis - remains unpopular. Very often the view that we can perceptually know, for example, that James is angry, is thought to depend either on our awareness of James' expression or on the way James appears - versions of what I call the Expressive Hypothesis. The Expressive Hypothesis is intuitive. But in this chapter I argue that it does not allow us to do away with the thought that we sometimes perceive people's mental states. I take my arguments to provide some tentative support for the Simple Perceptual Hypothesis

The time-use of distance learners : a study of international postgraduate students engaged in professional career development

This thesis investigates how internationally located distance learning students allocate their\ud time, and in particular seeks to establish whether an optimum time for study exists and the\ud factors that influence this. It examines mature students working in the real estate and\ud construction sectors studying for a postgraduate qualification that enables career progression to\ud membership of a professional institution. It confirms that time use is individual and that, while\ud average times exist, there are no average students or cohesive groups that conform to a central\ud tendency. Through following an inductive approach the research argues for the definition of a\ud standard student as one whose time use preferences for integrating study into their working\ud week fit within a range of hours. The conclusion proposes that the range of hours and variation\ud in the opportunity cost of study set boundaries for a temporal zone within which the standard\ud student is found; and which differentiates these from non-standard students whose constraints\ud place them at the extremes of time use.\ud The research used a 24-hour pre-coded diary, integrated into a learning activity, and kept by\ud students for seven days. The diary recorded time during a module at the start of the students'\ud first year, and was supplemented by pre and post questionnaires. Changing patterns in time use\ud were identified through a follow-up longitudinal survey conducted over the succeeding eight\ud months. The initial data analysis used quantitative methods to summarise the data that provided\ud a general portrait of time use, but also demonstrated the limitations of conventional statistics in\ud illuminating and developing satisfactory explanation for human behaviour. In consequence a\ud more qualitative analysis was undertaken using both aggregate and disaggregate techniques\ud developed within time use practice to explore the issues and factors.\ud The thesis identifies the principal factors affecting time use and discusses these with\ud reference to relevant research and other literature, and to associations that are apparent from\ud the time use analysis. The complexities of time use are recognised and discussed in relation to\ud zero sum time accounting, time management and both microeconomic and rational choice\ud theories. The thesis concludes by proposing how the concept of a temporal zone can be used to\ud help standard an

Sunspot rotation : I. A consequence of flux emergence

ZS acknowledges the financial support of the Carnegie Trust for Scotland and CMM the support of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. This work used the DIRAC 1, UKMHD Consortium machine at the University of St Andrews and the DiRAC Data Centric system at Durham University, operated by the Institute for Computational Cosmology on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility (www.dirac.ac.uk). This equipment was funded by BIS National E-infrastructure capital grant ST/K00042X/1, STFC capital grant ST/H008519/1, and STFC DiRAC Operations grant ST/K003267/1 and Durham University. DiRAC is part of the National E-Infrastructure.Context. Solar eruptions and high flare activity often accompany the rapid rotation of sunspots. The study of sunspot rotation and the mechanisms driving this motion are therefore key to our understanding of how the solar atmosphere attains the conditions necessary for large energy release. Aims. We aim to demonstrate and investigate the rotation of sunspots in a 3D numerical experiment of the emergence of a magnetic flux tube as it rises through the solar interior and emerges into the atmosphere. Furthermore, we seek to show that the sub-photospheric twist stored in the interior is injected into the solar atmosphere by means of a definitive rotation of the sunspots. Methods. A numerical experiment is performed to solve the 3D resistive magnetohydrodynamic equations using a Lagrangian-Remap code. We track the emergence of a toroidal flux tube as it rises through the solar interior and emerges into the atmosphere investigating various quantities related to both the magnetic field and plasma. Results. Through detailed analysis of the numerical experiment, we find clear evidence that the photospheric footprints or sunspots of the flux tube undergo a rotation. Significant vertical vortical motions are found to develop within the two polarity sources after the field emerges. These rotational motions are found to leave the interior portion of the field untwisted and twist up the atmospheric portion of the field. This is shown by our analysis of the relative magnetic helicity as a significant portion of the interior helicity is transported to the atmosphere. In addition, there is a substantial transport of magnetic energy to the atmosphere. Rotation angles are also calculated by tracing selected fieldlines; the fieldlines threading through the sunspot are found to rotate through angles of up to 353º over the course of the experiment. We explain the rotation by an unbalanced torque produced by the magnetic tension force, rather than an apparent effect.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Deploying SiC BJTs in an 800-V switched-mode power supply for hybrid & electric vehicles

An SMPS for hybrid electric vehicle and electric vehicle applications is presented. The use of SiC BJTs in the primary-side switching circuitry is investigated. Practical deployment aspects are addressed. Particular attention is given to the design of the BJT base driver stage and a bespoke turn-on switching-aid circuit. Mathematical design calculations are not presented, but the proposed circuitry is demonstrated in a 1-kW isolated-output DC-DC converter operating from 800 V and supplying 48 V at a switching frequency of 60 kHz. Full-load efficiency was evaluated at 93.3% using a calorimeter

Evaluation of Selected Mulches and Specialty Erosion Control Products Under Simulated Rain

Introduction: Utilizing a rainfall simulator, a sunlight simulator, and a wind generator, the Utah Water Research Laboratory (UWRL), Utah State University (USU), completed in 1979 and 1981 a series of evaluations of erosion control products for CONWED Corporation. Increasingly more commercial products for controlling erosion are being produced nationally and there remains a need to evaluate the effectiveness of these, one against another, in order that potential users may make cost-effective decisions in their use. CONWED recognizes this need and has funded the comparative testing of its own products and some of those of leading competitors throughout the country. The objective of the study presented herein was to evaluate under the rainfall simulator the effectiveness of CONWED Hydro Mulch mixed with each of three different commerical products used as tackifiers, Terra Tack I, M-Binder, and Hydro Bond. The study included also the evaluation of three specialy erosion control products, also the evaluation of three specialty erosion control products, CONWED netting, Lud low jute blanket, and American Excelsior blanket

Evaluation of Particular Mulches for Fostering Plant Growth and Inhibiting Erosion (Phase 2)

Introduction: Increasing public awareness of the desireability of protecting the environment from soil erosion caused by wnid and water has centered attention on large construction projects such as highways and housing subdivisions, as well as on individual building sites and parking lots. If unattended, sediment produced from these areas pollutes surface water, restricts drainage, fills reservoirs, damages adjacent land, and upsets the natural ecology of lakes and streams. The search continues for products and practices that will prevent or lessen the amount of sediment leaving construction sites. Products currently in use include chamical as well as organic materials, and they are applied with varying degrees of success. Many designed to stabilize the unprotected soil for a long enough period of time for vegetation to become established are in wide use and are quite effective (Clyde et al. 1978). Moreover, applying organic material to the soil surface around shallow-rooted crops has been a cultural practice for many years (Russell 1961). Janick (1963) summarized the effects of mulching as conservation of soil moisture, reduction of surface runoff and erosion, reduction of evaporation, and possible control of weeks. Others (Borst and Woodburn 1942; Duley 1939) have indicted the value of mulches in reducing runoff and erosion. Mulching has been reported as superior to other treatments for reducing soil and water losses and stabilizing bare slops before grass is established (Swanson et al. 1065). Gilbert and David (1967( and Blaser (1962), in studies of highway slope stabilization, found mulches improved seed germination and seedling growth by conserving moisture and protecting highway slopes against erosion. Many materials have been evaluated for use as a mulch, including bark, wood wastes, soybean residues, wheat straw, and seaweed (Bollen and Glennie 1961; Kidder et al. 1943; Latimer and Percival 1947). McKee et al. (1964) found wheat straw to be one of the best mulches, particularly when used to aid vegetation establishment on steep cut slopes of highways. Osborne and Gilbert (1978) also demonstrated that stredded hardwood bark mulch provided adequate erosion control on highway slopes. A previous study conducted by the Utah Water Reseach Laboratory evaluated, using simulated rainfall and sunlight, the effectiveness of various fiber mulches for controlling erosion to facilitate the establishment and growth of barley on a 2:1 (50 percent) slope. The objective of the present study was to perform similar evalutations of additional mulches

Erosion Inhibitor Performance Evaluation Under Simulated Wind and Rain

Introduction: Increasing public awareness of the desireability of protecting the environment from soil erosion caused by wind and water has centered attention on large construction projects such as highways and housing subdivisions, as well as on individual building sites and parking lots. If unattended, sediment produced from these areas pollutes surface water, restricts drainage, fills reservoirs, damages adjacent land, and upsets the natural ecology of lakes and streams. The search continues for products and practices that will prevent of lessen the amount of sediment leaving construction sites. Products currently in use include chemical as well as organic materials, and they are applied with barying degrees of success. Many designed to stabilize the unprotected soil for a long enough period of time for vegetation to become established are in wide use and are quite effectives (Clyde et al. 1978). Moreover, applying organic material to the soil surface around shallow-rooted crops has been a cultural practice for many years (Russell 1961). Janick (1963) summarized the effects of mulching as conservation of soil moisture, reduction of surface runoff and erosion, reduction of evaporation, and possible control of weeks. others (Borst and Woodburn 1942; Duley 1929) have indicated the value of mulches in reducing runoff and erosion. Mulching has been reported as superior to other treatments for reducing soil and water losses and stabilizing bare slopes before grass is established (swandson et al. 1965). Gilbert and Davis (1967) and Blaser (1962), in studies of highway slope stabilization, found mulches improved seed germination and seed;omg grpwtj bu conserving moisture and protecting highway slopes against erosion. Many materials have been evaluated for use as a mulch, including bark, wood wastes, soybean residues, wheat straw, and seaweed (Bollen and Glennie 1961; Kidder et al. 1943; Latimer and Percival 1947). McKee et al. (1964) found wheat straw to be one of the best mulches, particularly when used to aid vegitation establishment on steep cut slopes of highways. Osborne and Gilbert (1978) also demonstrated that shredded hardwood bark mulch provided adequate erosion control on highway slopes. The objectives of the present study was to evaluate, using simulated rainfall and wind, the effectiveness of various mulches and tackifiers for controlling erosion. Results of these tests are comparable to those obtained by the Utah Water Research Laboratory for CONWED in 1979 in that they wre generated in the same test facility on similar soil, using identical conditions of slope and rainfall rate

Isotopic labelling of functionalised arenes catalysed by Ir(I) species of the [(COD)Ir(NHC)(py)]PF6 complex class

Ir(I) complexes of the type [(COD)Ir(NHC)(Py)]PF6 have been exposed as efficient catalysts in the area of hydrogen isotope exchange. More specifically, via an ortho-directed C-H activation process, high levels of deuterium incorporation have been achieved using low levels of catalyst over a range of functionalised aromatic compounds. Additionally, the developed protocol has been extended to include a selected pharmacological target, where chemoselective labelling is observed within such a multifunctional substrate

The correction of static and dynamic aniseikonia with spectacles and contact lenses

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: McNeill, S., & Bobier, W. (2017). The correction of static and dynamic aniseikonia with spectacles and contact lenses. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 100(6), 732–734. Which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12516. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.We describe a case of where significant anisometropic astigmatism was accompanied with considerable asthenopic symptoms. Symptoms were not alleviated by the prescribing of a partial spectacle correction. Subsequent treatment with a contact lens and an iseikonic spectacle correction did alleviated the asthenopia We confirmed that this symptomatic relief was linked to the reduction of the static and dynamic components of aniseikonia achieved with her contact lens and iseikonic spectacle lenses compared to a standard spectacle lens design.NSERC CanadaCanadian Optometric Education Trust Fun