Building the Working City Designs on Home and Life in Boomtown Detroit, 1914-1932.

The modern worker’s home made Detroit’s Fordist industrialization possible. Between the 1914 announcement of Ford’s “Five Dollar Day” and the Great Depression, Detroit industrialists, real estate developers and workers produced a building boom in housing, reshaping the urban society and negotiating the terms of what Antonio Gramsci called “a new type of worker and of man.” Expanding the architectural history of Fordism beyond the factory, this dissertation argues that it was through the modernization of the larger city—a Fordist Urbanism dominated by worker’s housing developments between the city’s peripheral industrial plants—that Detroit’s Fordist culture was constructed. Industrialists promoted modern worker’s housing, pursuing social control of the city’s largely-immigrant workforce, but shifted the risk of housing construction costs to individual workers by pushing them to seek houses on the open market. Real estate developers responded, and with government support built tens of thousands of bungalows and duplexes for sale to workers on credit. Realtors presented homeownership as a source of financial security for workers yet a realty culture of speculative investment and racial segregation undermined that security from the beginning. At the same time workers had significant agency in this city-building process. They produced more than industrial products in Fordist Detroit, making domestic lives and identities in the pluralistic ways that they chose, outfitted, lived in and cared for their homes, giving meaning and purpose to their routinized labor. Detroit’s industrial modernization—in and through its modern worker’s houses—elaborated crises of racial violence and home foreclosure in the mid 1920s and early 1930s, in which workers fought against one another, and ultimately in solidarity, demanding that the Fordist promise of hard work in exchange for domestic security be honored. Detroit’s houses of the early twentieth century—the extant and the demolished—still contain a great deal: a history of power negotiated through the modernization of the built environment. This past suggests that the city’s future housing—its design, location, financing and use—can influence the management of risk within society, the social construction of difference, and workers’ continued struggle for security.PhDArchitectureUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113446/1/mccullmp_1.pd

Prethermalization and Persistent Order in the Absence of a Thermal Phase Transition

We numerically study the dynamics after a parameter quench in the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising model with long-range interactions ($\propto 1/r^\alpha$ with distance $r$), for finite chains and also directly in the thermodynamic limit. In nonequilibrium, i.e., before the system settles into a thermal state, we find a long-lived regime that is characterized by a prethermal value of the magnetization, which in general differs from its thermal value. We find that the ferromagnetic phase is stabilized dynamically: as a function of the quench parameter, the prethermal magnetization shows a transition between a symmetry-broken and a symmetric phase, even for those values of $\alpha$ for which no finite-temperature transition occurs in equilibrium. The dynamical critical point is shifted with respect to the equilibrium one, and the shift is found to depend on $\alpha$ as well as on the quench parameters.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Association Between Blood Pressure and Adverse Renal Events in Type 1 Diabetes.

ObjectiveTo compare different blood pressure (BP) levels in their association with the risk of renal outcomes in type 1 diabetes and to determine whether an intensive glycemic control strategy modifies this association.Research design and methodsWe included 1,441 participants with type 1 diabetes between the ages of 13 and 39 years who had previously been randomized to receive intensive versus conventional glycemic control in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). The exposures of interest were time-updated systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) categories. Outcomes included macroalbuminuria (>300 mg/24 h) or stage III chronic kidney disease (CKD) (sustained estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2).ResultsDuring a median follow-up time of 24 years, there were 84 cases of stage III CKD and 169 cases of macroalbuminuria. In adjusted models, SBP in the <120 mmHg range was associated with a 0.59 times higher risk of macroalbuminuria (95% CI 0.37-0.95) and a 0.32 times higher risk of stage III CKD (95% CI 0.14-0.75) compared with SBPs between 130 and 140 mmHg. DBP in the <70 mmHg range were associated with a 0.73 times higher risk of macroalbuminuria (95% CI 0.44-1.18) and a 0.47 times higher risk of stage III CKD (95% CI 0.21-1.05) compared with DBPs between 80 and 90 mmHg. No interaction was noted between BP and prior DCCT-assigned glycemic control strategy (all P > 0.05).ConclusionsA lower BP (<120/70 mmHg) was associated with a substantially lower risk of adverse renal outcomes, regardless of the prior assigned glycemic control strategy. Interventional trials may be useful to help determine whether the currently recommended BP target of 140/90 mmHg may be too high for optimal renal protection in type 1 diabetes

The Death of Whiggery: Lower-Canadian British Constitutionalism and the tentation de l’histoire parallèle

The Constitutional Act of 1791 was sought to create in Lower Canada a community whose social and political values reflected the basic assumptions of late-eighteenth-century Whiggery. These included representation of interest rather than of individuals, the importance of the "due" weight of property, and the organic nature of the British constitution. These values of "Liberty and Property" constituted the focus of the emotional and cultural image of the British Constitution. For the British Lower Canadians of the 1830s, these values were not fossilised remnants. Rather, they formed a coherent framework that made legitimate their conflict with the French-Canadian majority for control over politics. The influence of organised Constitutionalism did not disappear with the Act of Union of 1841. In the opening years of the union, anglophones identified with the Constitutionalist party which dominated both opposition and government in Canada East. They remained an influence until midcentury. Indeed, the final disintegration of Constitutionalism as a defensible basis for British Lower-Canadian politics was not the result of the inevitable triumph of La Fontaine's Responsible Government. Because they strongly identified, not simply with Britain, but with specific elements of British society, English-speaking Lower Canadians responded to changes in British political society. “La tentation de l'histoire parallèle” ensured that the Irish Repeal agitation and the Free Trade campaign would disrupt the assumption of a united British "interest." After the 1840s, the disproportionate power of British-Canadian élites in Lower Canada was based on their influence among the leaders of political parties rather than a collective identity rooted in the values of ''Whiggery.''L'intention de l'Acte Constitutionnel de 1791 était de créer au Bas-Canada une communauté dont les valeurs sociales et politiques refléteraient les suppositions de base des Whigs de la fin du dix-huitième siècle. Celles-ci comprenaient entre autres la représentation des intérêts plutôt que des individus; une représentation des propriétaires digne de leur importance; et une croyance en la nature organique de la constitution britannique. Ces valeurs liées à la « propriété » et à la « liberté » constituaient le point de mire des images culturelles et affectives reliées à la constitution britannique. Dans les années 1830, les Bas-Canadiens d'origine britannique ne considéraient pas ces valeurs comme un archaïsme, mais bien comme un ensemble de principes cohérent. Ces idées procuraient une légitimité aux conflits qu'ils entretenaient avec la majorité canadienne-française, pour obtenir le contrôle de la vie politique. L'influence de cette pensée constitutionnelle ne disparut pas avec l'Acte d'Union de 1841. Au cours des premières années du gouvernement d'Union, les anglophones attachés au Parti constitutionnaliste dominèrent l'opposition, de même que le gouvernement du Canada Est. Et leur influence se perpétua jusqu'au milieu du siècle. En effet, ce n'est pas la victoire inévitable du gouvernement responsable de La Fontaine qui provoqua la désintégration de cette pensée constitutionnelle comme fondement de la position des Bas-Canadiens d'origine britannique, mais bien la réaction de ces anglophones aux transformations des cercles politiques britanniques. Ils s'identifiaient non seulement avec la Grande-Bretagne, mais avec des composantes particulières de sa société, et « la tentation de l'histoire parallèle » allait décider de leur attitude : l'agitation pour l'annulation de l'Union avec l'Irlande ("Repeal") et la campagne libre-échangiste ébranlèrent le principe d'un « intérêt britannique » unique. Ainsi, si les élites canadiennes d'origine britannique purent conserver un pouvoir politique disproportionné après 1840, ce ne fut plus en raison d'une identité collective enracinée dans les valeurs whigs, mais bien grâce à leur influence auprès des leaders des partis politiques

Factors affecting B/Ca ratios in synthetic aragonite

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Chemical Geology 437 (2016): 67-76, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.05.007.Measurements of B/Ca ratios in marine carbonates have been suggested to record seawater carbonate chemistry, however experimental calibration of such proxies based on inorganic partitioning remains limited. Here we conducted a series of synthetic aragonite precipitation experiments to evaluate the factors influencing the partitioning of B/Ca between aragonite and seawater. Our results indicate that the B/Ca ratio of synthetic aragonites depends primarily on the relative concentrations of borate and carbonate ions in the solution from which the aragonite precipitates; not on bicarbonate concentration as has been previously suggested. The influence of temperature was not significant over the range investigated (20 – 40°C), however, partitioning may be influenced by saturation state (and/or growth rate). Based on our experimental results, we suggest that aragonite B/Ca ratios can be utilized as a proxy of [CO32-]. Boron isotopic composition (δ11B) is an established pH proxy, thus B/Ca and δ11B together allow the full carbonate chemistry of the solution from which the aragonite precipitated to be calculated. To the extent that aragonite precipitation by marine organisms is affected by seawater chemistry, B/Ca may also prove useful in reconstructing seawater chemistry. A simplified boron purification protocol based on amberlite resin and the organic buffer TRIS is also described.This work was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies. Research conducted at WHOI was supported by NSF grant OCE-1338320. M.H. was supported by an ARC Super Science Fellowship and an NSF International Postdoctoral Fellowship. T.D. was supported by a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. M.M. was supported by a Western Australian Premiers Fellowship and an ARC Laureate Fellowship

Interdcadal climate variability in the Coral Sea since 1708 A.D.

Low resolution (5-year) Sr/Ca and δ18O samples, extending back to 1708 A.D., were analysed from a Porites coral core collected from Flinders Reef, an offshore reef on the Queensland Plateau in the western Coral Sea (17.5° S, 148.3° E). Using the Sr/C