Evaluation of appendicitis risk prediction models in adults with suspected appendicitis

Background Appendicitis is the most common general surgical emergency worldwide, but its diagnosis remains challenging. The aim of this study was to determine whether existing risk prediction models can reliably identify patients presenting to hospital in the UK with acute right iliac fossa (RIF) pain who are at low risk of appendicitis. Methods A systematic search was completed to identify all existing appendicitis risk prediction models. Models were validated using UK data from an international prospective cohort study that captured consecutive patients aged 16–45 years presenting to hospital with acute RIF in March to June 2017. The main outcome was best achievable model specificity (proportion of patients who did not have appendicitis correctly classified as low risk) whilst maintaining a failure rate below 5 per cent (proportion of patients identified as low risk who actually had appendicitis). Results Some 5345 patients across 154 UK hospitals were identified, of which two‐thirds (3613 of 5345, 67·6 per cent) were women. Women were more than twice as likely to undergo surgery with removal of a histologically normal appendix (272 of 964, 28·2 per cent) than men (120 of 993, 12·1 per cent) (relative risk 2·33, 95 per cent c.i. 1·92 to 2·84; P < 0·001). Of 15 validated risk prediction models, the Adult Appendicitis Score performed best (cut‐off score 8 or less, specificity 63·1 per cent, failure rate 3·7 per cent). The Appendicitis Inflammatory Response Score performed best for men (cut‐off score 2 or less, specificity 24·7 per cent, failure rate 2·4 per cent). Conclusion Women in the UK had a disproportionate risk of admission without surgical intervention and had high rates of normal appendicectomy. Risk prediction models to support shared decision‐making by identifying adults in the UK at low risk of appendicitis were identified

The game of science

viii, 184 p.; 21 cm

The game of science

xiv, 177 p.; 22 cm

Incidental Infrastructure - Incidental Urbanism: Interstate Highway 75-85, Downtown Atlanta

Professor Richard Dagenhart, Options II Graduate Studio, Spring 2001Edited per corrected information supplied by Dr Dagenhart, 11/23/2021A graduate level urban design studio with projects located along the edge of Interstate 75-85, the Atlanta Downtown Connector. The studio first examined historical incidental infrastructure examples in cities around the world (Spanish Steps in Rome, Victoria Embankment in London, Ponte Vecchio in Florence, etc.). Then sites for design of urban and architectural retrofits/ were identified along the edge of the 12-lane Downtown Connector in Atlanta. The intention was to “urbanize” the Connector with multiple new projects along each side of the highway