Voices of low SES women overcoming breastfeeding barriers: A qualitative analysis and model development

Abstract Background: Breast milk provides optimal nutrition for most infants for a specific amount of time. In spite of well-accepted benefits associated with breastfeeding, both for infants and mothers, rates among low-income women remain consistently low. Objective: The objective of this study was to identify what motivates women, who are at a high risk of not initiating breastfeeding or early weaning, to establish a successful breastfeeding relationship. Methods: Mothers meeting the eligibility criteria of having no more than a high school degree, being low-income, and having breastfed for \u3e 3 weeks, completed an in-depth telephone interview. Using grounded-theory methodology, researchers developed a theoretical model describing the experience of this population. Results: Though recruitment was ongoing for over a year, with 212 mothers screened for eligibility, only seven mothers were eligible and completed study activities. Based on analysis of interview transcripts, a theoretical model was developed. Conclusions: Mothers who breastfeed despite being high-risk for not breastfeeding may be motivated by the perception that breastfeeding is easier than formula feeding and comforting. In addition, the breastfeeding relationship may be protected by the services offered by WIC, which may be amplified by the mother’s own determination. A lack of experienced barriers and the act of bed-sharing may also assist with breastfeeding duration. The researchers hypothesize that, as barriers are experienced that are beyond the perceived control of WIC services, the mother’s level of stress may increase, increasing the likelihood of weaning. Future research should test the proposed model and determine specific messages targeting this at-risk population

Ultrasonic measurement of core material temperature, phase 1

High temperature ultrasonic temperature measurements in nuclear rocket engine to determine feasibility of rhenium sensor as high temperature senso

Ultrasonic measurement of core material temperature, phase 2

Sheaths for pulse-echo ultrasonic temperature senso

School context, gender, and delinquency

This study compares two high schools serving the same community and compares student bodies with similar background characteristics. The purpose is to examine how control/strain variables predict delinquency in two distinct school contexts. It was found that minor delinquency occurred more often in the environment dominated by competitive academic achievement, routine handling of discipline, and unpredictable supervision. Examination of the model paths suggest that this environment is also conservative and unlikely to offer legitimate opportunities to girls with gender-egalitarian orientation. The school context characterized by a broader definition of success, more specialized discipline, and predictable supervision promotes stronger bonds with its students and lower levels of delinquency for both genders.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45267/1/10964_2005_Article_BF02140785.pd

High reliability screening of semiconductor and integrated circuit devices

Destructive and nondestructive testing, results, and specifications for reliability of integrated circuit and semiconductor device

Discriminating among Earth composition models using geo-antineutrinos

It has been estimated that the entire Earth generates heat corresponding to about 40 TW (equivalent to 10,000 nuclear power plants) which is considered to originate mainly from the radioactive decay of elements like U, Th and K, deposited in the crust and mantle of the Earth. Radioactivity of these elements produce not only heat but also antineutrinos (called geo-antineutrinos) which can be observed by terrestrial detectors. We investigate the possibility of discriminating among Earth composition models predicting different total radiogenic heat generation, by observing such geo-antineutrinos at Kamioka and Gran Sasso, assuming KamLAND and Borexino (type) detectors, respectively, at these places. By simulating the future geo-antineutrino data as well as reactor antineutrino background contributions, we try to establish to which extent we can discriminate among Earth composition models for given exposures (in units of kt$\cdot$ yr) at these two sites on our planet. We use also information on neutrino mixing parameters coming from solar neutrino data as well as KamLAND reactor antineutrino data, in order to estimate the number of geo-antineutrino induced events.Comment: 24 pages, 10 figures, final version to appear in JHE