Commerce et Autonomisation des Femmes en Zone CEMAC

Le présent article a pour objectif de montrer la contribution du commerce international à l’amélioration de l’autonomie des femmes dans les pays de la zone CEMAC (Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale) sur la période 1980-2020 et proviennent de la Banque Mondiale (2020). La modélisation de la relation entre le commerce et l’autonomisation de la femme s’inspire de l’équation de la demande relative des facteurs, formulée par Brown et Christensen (1981). Le test de Hausman montre que l’estimateur approprié pour l’étude est le Pooled Mean Group (PMG). Les résultats dévoilent que le développement du commerce international augmente significativement la part relative de la main d’œuvre féminine et donc l’autonomisation des femmes à long terme en raison des emplois qu’il crée dans le secteur extérieur. Les qualifications de plus en plus croissantes des femmes semblent leur permettre de saisir les opportunités d’emplois dans le secteur extérieur en zone CEMAC. Il est donc recommandé de poursuivre les efforts de création d’une zone de libre-échange intercontinentale africaine.   This study aims to show the contribution of international trade to the improvement of the autonomy of women in the countries of the CEMAC (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) zone over the 1980-2020 period and come from the World Bank (2020). The modeling of the relationship between trade and female empowerment is inspired by the relative factor demand equation formulated by Brown and Christensen (1981). The Hausman test shows that the appropriate estimator for the study is the Pooled Mean Group (PMG). The results show that the development of international trade significantly increases the relative share of female labor and therefore the long-term empowerment of women because of the jobs it creates in the external sector. The increasing qualifications of women seem to enable them to seize job opportunities in the external sector in the CEMAC zone. It is therefore recommended authority continue efforts to create a zone for the creation of an African intercontinental free trade area

Commerce et Autonomisation des Femmes en Zone CEMAC

Le présent article a pour objectif de montrer la contribution du commerce international à l’amélioration de l’autonomie des femmes dans les pays de la zone CEMAC (Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale) sur la période 1980-2020. La modélisation de la relation entre le commerce et l’autonomisation de la femme s’inspire de l’équation de la demande relative des facteurs, formulée par Brown et Christensen (1981). Le test de Hausman montre que l’estimateur approprié pour l’étude est le Pooled Mean Group (PMG). Les résultats dévoilent que le développement du commerce international augmente significativement la part relative de la main d’œuvre féminine et donc l’autonomisation des femmes à long terme en raison des emplois qu’il crée dans le secteur extérieur. Les qualifications de plus en plus croissantes des femmes semblent leur permettre de saisir les opportunités d’emplois dans le secteur extérieur en zone CEMAC. Il est donc recommandé de poursuivre les efforts de création d’une zone de libre-échange intercontinentale africaine.   This study aims to show the contribution of international trade to the improvement of the autonomy of women in the countries of the CEMAC (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) zone over the 1980-2020 periods. The modeling of the relationship between trade and female empowerment is inspired by the relative factor demand equation formulated by Brown and Christensen (1981). The Hausman test shows that the appropriate estimator for the study is the Pooled Mean Group (PMG). The results show that the development of international trade significantly increases the relative share of female labor and therefore the long-term empowerment of women because of the jobs it creates in the external sector. The increasing qualifications of women seem to enable them to seize job opportunities in the external sector in the CEMAC zone. It is therefore recommended authority to continue efforts to create a zone for the creation of an African intercontinental free trade area

Right to life: tackling the ‘little foxes that spoil the vine’

The article critically discusses the notion of the right to life as constitutionally protected in Nigeria. It argues that the right to life is the prerequisite for the total attainment of human dignity and the effective exercise of all human rights. Thus, as the article articulates, the protection of the right to life is not just a matter of national concern as the recognition and protection of this right is also fundamental to the global human rights system. Notwithstanding the national, regional or global flavour enjoyed by the right to life, it was discovered in the article that there are some factors which, like the ‘little foxes that spoil the tender vine,’ may impede the full actualisation of this protected right by an individual. The identified endangering elements include, but not limited to, the practice of jungle justice system, terrorism/kidnapping, sicknesses/diseases, automobile crashes, extra-judicial killings through rascality by overzealous government security operatives, domestic violence and environmental pollution. The article concludes with some suggestions and recommendations towards the amelioration of the identified problems so as to render the right to life meaningful to the citizens.Keywords: Abortion, Euthanasia, Freedom of Worship, ‘Jungle Justice’ System, Right to Lif

Fair Hearing: Sine Qua Non Under Nigerian Criminal Justice Jurisprudence

The right to fair hearing is a right that is as old as mankind. It dates back to the Biblical account of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, where God gave them an opportunity of being heard before passing His judgment upon them.[1] Indisputably, the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and other relevant national statutes have similarly recognised and constitutionalised the basic right of fair hearing. The article examines the attributes of fair hearing and contends that where, in appropriate circumstances, these essential principles are lacking in any criminal trial, such a trial would be nullified or vitiated. Keywords: Safeguard, Fair Trial, Fundamental Rights, Jurisdiction, Fair Hearing, Criminal Justice [1] The Holy Bible, The Book of Genesis, Chapter 3:1-24. See also R. v. Chancellor, University of Cambridge (Dr. Bentley’s Case) [1723] 1 Str. 557; Garba v. University of Maiduguri [1986] 1 NWLR (Pt. 18) 550; Adigun v. Attorney- General, Oyo State [1987] 1 NWLR (Pt. 53) 678

Commerce et Autonomisation des Femmes en Zone CEMAC

Le présent article a pour objectif de montrer la contribution du commerce international à l’amélioration de l’autonomie des femmes dans les pays de la zone CEMAC (Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale) sur la période 1980-2020. La modélisation de la relation entre le commerce et l’autonomisation de la femme s’inspire de l’équation de la demande relative des facteurs, formulée par Brown et Christensen (1981). Le test de Hausman montre que l’estimateur approprié pour l’étude est le Pooled Mean Group (PMG). Les résultats dévoilent que le développement du commerce international augmente significativement la part relative de la main d’œuvre féminine et donc l’autonomisation des femmes à long terme en raison des emplois qu’il crée dans le secteur extérieur. Les qualifications de plus en plus croissantes des femmes semblent leur permettre de saisir les opportunités d’emplois dans le secteur extérieur en zone CEMAC. Il est donc recommandé de poursuivre les efforts de création d’une zone de libre-échange intercontinentale africaine.   This study aims to show the contribution of international trade to the improvement of the autonomy of women in the countries of the CEMAC (Central African Economic and Monetary Community) zone over the 1980-2020 periods. The modeling of the relationship between trade and female empowerment is inspired by the relative factor demand equation formulated by Brown and Christensen (1981). The Hausman test shows that the appropriate estimator for the study is the Pooled Mean Group (PMG). The results show that the development of international trade significantly increases the relative share of female labor and therefore the long-term empowerment of women because of the jobs it creates in the external sector. The increasing qualifications of women seem to enable them to seize job opportunities in the external sector in the CEMAC zone. It is therefore recommended authority to continue efforts to create a zone for the creation of an African intercontinental free trade area

Impediments to enforcement of environmental treaties against oil pollution

Indisputably, at various fora, the hopeless picture of the condition of the global environment vis-à-vis the linkage of environmental degradation with growth and human welfare has been painted. ‘Safe water is increasingly limited, hindering economic activity. Land degradation endangers the lives of millions of people. This is the world today.’ Unfortunately, despite oil’s significance to the world’s economy, pollution arising from it has constituted one of the major sources of the global environments’ degradation. To address the threat posed by oil pollution to the global environment, some international and regional instruments have increasingly emerged. This article examines some of these instruments along with some of the challenges confronting their effectiveness. The article concludes that relevant steps should be taken to address the challenges in order to ensure that the various instruments and treaties are effectively implemented by States to safeguard a healthy global environment.Keywords: Convention, Enforcement, Global Environment, International Environmental Law, Oil Pollutio

Grants of Upstream Petroleum Expolration Licences and Leases in Nigeria under the Petroleum Industry Bill 2012: An Overview

Section 2 of the Petroleum Industry Bill 2012 (PIB 2012), in the same spirit as section 44(3) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended), vests the entire property and control of all petroleum in, under or upon any lands within Nigeria, its territorial waters, or which forms part of its continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone, on the Government of the Federation. A significant feature of this constitutional and statutory position is a corresponding exclusive power of the Federal Government to make grants for prospecting, exploration, mining and production of petroleum resources in Nigeria. The article carries out an overview of some relevant provisions relating to the award of upstream petroleum exploration licences and leases under the PIB 2012 and contends that in view of the worthy objectives and provisions of the PIB in this respect, the National Assembly should expeditiously pass the Bill into law to ensure that it becomes valid and binding on all persons and institutions engaged in the upstream petroleum operations in Nigeria. Keywords: Downstream, Drilling, Lease, Licence, Petroleum, Relinquishment, Upstrea

Parameter Estimation and Optimal Control of the Dynamics Of Transmission of Tuberculosis with Application to Cameroon

This paper deals with the problem of parameter estimation and optimal control of a tuberculosis (TB) model with seasonal fluctuations. We first present a uncontrolled TB model with seasonal fluctuations. We present the theoretical analysis of the uncontrolled TB model without seasonal fluctuations. After, we propose a numerical study to estimate the unknown parameters of the TB model with seasonal fluctuations according to demographic and epidemiological data from Cameroon. Simulation results are in good accordance with the seasonal variation of the new active reported cases of TB in Cameroon. Using this TB model with seasonality, the tuberculosis control is formulated and solved as an optimal control problem, indicating how control terms on the chemoprophylaxis and treatment should be introduced in the considered TB model to reduce the number of individuals with active TB. Results provide a framework for designing cost-effective strategies for TB with two strategies of intervention

El control de concentraciones de empresas en Europa. Noción de concentración

Desde el Tratado CECA al Reglamento de Concentraciones la noción de concentración siempre se ha vinculado a las operaciones que implican una modificación permanente de la estructura de las empresas participantes. Esta modificación puede producirse por cambios en la gestión o en las relaciones de propiedad que producen la pérdida de la independencia económica de una de las partes implicadas. Queda así excluida de la noción de concentración, y por lo tanto de la aplicación del Reglamento de concentraciones, toda operación que sólo tenga por objeto o efecto coordinar el comportamiento competitivo empresas que continúan siendo independientes.Grado en Derech

Inventory Management, Organizational Operations and Productivity in Nigerian Companies: A Panacea for Profitability

This study examines the effect of inventory management on organizational operations productivity as a means of causing the profitability of companies The study was therefore designed to study how the manufacturing firms managed their inventory materials We used questionnaire in collecting our data The data collected was analysed using spearman s rank-order correlation coefficient and the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient The findings indicated that the method used by 7Up Bottling Company to manage their inventories in both raw materials and the finished product was efficient as the amount of naira saved in the course of purchase have more effect on the profitability of the company during production selling of the finished goods Controlled purchasing is found to be costeffective The study recommends the following an adoption and application of the economic order quantity EOQ model to save cost and make the operations more efficien