Deletions of Immunoglobulin heavy chain and T cell receptor gene regions are uniquely associated with lymphoid blast transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) results from the neoplastic transformation of a haematopoietic stem cell. The hallmark genetic abnormality of CML is a chimeric <it>BCR/ABL1 </it>fusion gene resulting from the Philadelphia chromosome rearrangement t(9;22)(q34;q11). Clinical and laboratory studies indicate that the <it>BCR/ABL1 </it>fusion protein is essential for initiation, maintenance and progression of CML, yet the event(s) driving the transformation from chronic phase to blast phase are poorly understood.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we report multiple genome aberrations in a collection of 78 CML and 14 control samples by oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization. We found a unique signature of genome deletions within the immunoglobulin heavy chain (<it>IGH</it>) and T cell receptor regions (<it>TCR</it>), frequently accompanied by concomitant loss of sequences within the short arm regions of chromosomes 7 and 9, including <it>IKZF1</it>, <it>HOXA7</it>, <it>CDKN2A/2B</it>, <it>MLLT3</it>, <it>IFNA/B</it>, <it>RNF38</it>, <it>PAX5</it>, <it>JMJD2C </it>and <it>PDCD1LG2 </it>genes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>None of these genome losses were detected in any of the CML samples with myeloid transformation, chronic phase or controls, indicating that their presence is obligatory for the development of a malignant clone with a lymphoid phenotype. Notably, the coincidental deletions at <it>IGH </it>and <it>TCR </it>regions appear to precede the loss of <it>IKZF1 </it>and/or <it>p16 </it>genes in CML indicating a possible involvement of RAG in these deletions.</p

Translocations of 14q32 and deletions of 13q14 are common chromosomal abnormalities in systemic amyloidosis

Systemic monoclonal immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) is associated with clonal plasma cell dyscrasias that are often subtle and non-proliferating. AL shares numerical chromosomal changes with multiple myeloma (MM) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Illegitimate translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGH) at 14q32 and deletions of the long arm of chromosome 13, [del(13q)], commonly occur in MM, MGUS and plasma cell leukaemia. In AL IGH rearrangements have been identified but, to date, there are no reports of del(13q). In this study of 32 patients with AL, 24 with systemic and eight with localized disease, translocations involving IGH and del(13q) were found using dual-colour interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). IGH translocations were observed in 11 patients (37% overall and in 46% with systemic disease), of which nine had the IGH/CCND1 fusion from t(11;14)(q13;q32). Two showed IGH translocations other than the t(11;14) or t(4;14)(p16;q32). In one of these patients a breakpoint within the constant region of IGH between Calpha1 and Calpha2 was indicated. In the second a deletion covering Calpha1 and Calpha2 accompanied the translocation. Ten patients (27% overall and 33% of those with systemic disease) showed del(13q). The gain or loss of IGH and CCND1 signals provided evidence of numerical chromosomal changes in three patients

t(6;14)(p22;q32): a new recurrent IGH@ translocation involving ID4 in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL)

Translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IGH@) at chromosome band 14q32 are common in mature B-cell neoplasms, but are rare in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Here, we report the translocation, t(6;14)(p22;q32), involving IGH@ as a novel recurrent translocation in 13 BCP-ALL patients. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and long-distance inverse polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified ID4 as the partner gene. Breakpoints were scattered over a 19kb region centromeric of ID4. Quantitative real-time PCR showed up-regulation of ID4 mRNA. All patients had deletions of CDKN2A and PAX5 located on the short arm of chromosome 9, frequently as a result of an isochromosome, i(9)(q10) (9/13, 69%). This study defines a new subgroup of BCP-ALL characterized by ID4 over-expression and CDKN2A and PAX5 deletions. Preliminary survival data suggest that this subgroup may be associated with a good response to therapy

Cytogenetics of multiple myeloma: interpretation of fluorescence in situ hybridization results: interpretation of fluorescence in situ hybridization results

The cytogenetic picture in multiple myeloma (MM) is highly complex, from which non-random numerical and structural chromosomal changes have been identified. Specifically, translocations involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGH) at 14q32 and either monosomy or deletions of chromosome 13 have been reported in a significant number of patients from both cytogenetic and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies. Importantly, these abnormalities of chromosome 13 have recently been associated with a poor prognosis. In view of the highly complex nature of the karyotypes in MM patients, interphase FISH results may be difficult to interpret. In this study, cytogenetics and/or interphase FISH were carried out on bone marrow samples or purified plasma cells from 37 MM patients. Abnormal karyotypes, characterized by multiplex FISH (M-FISH) were found in 11 patients, all of which were highly complex. Interphase FISH revealed translocations involving the IGH locus in 16 (43%) patients. The IGH/cyclin D1 (CCND1) gene fusion characteristic of the translocation, t(11;14)(q13;q32), was seen in 12 (32%) of these patients and other rearrangements of IGH in four (11%) patients. Fourteen patients had additional copies of chromosome 11. Twenty patients (54%) had 13q14 deletions, 10 of whom also had t(11;14) or another IGH translocation. By comparing cytogenetic and FISH results, this study has revealed that significant chromosomal abnormalities might be hidden within highly complex karyotypes. Therefore, extreme caution is required in the interpretation of interphase FISH results in MM, particularly in relation to certain abnormalities, such as 13q14 deletions, which have an impact on prognosis