6,159 research outputs found
ΠΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° (Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ Β«ΠΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»Π΅Β» (1901-1914 ΡΡ.))
Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ Β«ΠΠΎΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΠ»Π΅Β» (1901β1914 ΡΡ.) ΠΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΠ²ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ²; Π·Π°ΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ½ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌ; Π²ΡΠ΄Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΉ Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΡΡΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ
Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌ; Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ· ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΡ
Π°ΡΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ.
(In the paper the language-structural features of a memoirs text on the material of Dmytro Doroshenkoβs
Β«My memories about the ancient past (1901β1914)Β» are analyzed and the specific of language organization of
these texts is elucidated; the activization of synonymic lexemes is fixed; the interaction of figurative and emotionally estimated lexemes is observed; the contexts with syntactic archaisms and political lexicon are given.
The visualization of history: a new turn in the development of historical cognition
The article was submitted on 20.06.2015.The author analyzes the transformational processes of historical research in the advent of a society of visual culture. The development of visual anthropology became the most obvious factor of the visual turn in historical research, and it studies different manifestations of visuality, using new tools for collecting and registering data (such as a video camera). The increasing popularity of historical films and documentaries, museum installations and historic reconstructions testify to the intensification of the processes of visualization in historical research. The article gives a brief overview of the main stages of the transformation of historical research, including changes in style of language, the expansion of subject matter of research, the update of the resource base and analysis methods in relation to visual sources. The author emphasizes that there is a tendency among historians to use a wide variety of terms that are related to the visual approach (image, appearance, portrait, landscape, etc.). The author focuses on the methodological and methodical aspects of historical-visual studies and considers the methodological approaches towards image reconstruction, mechanisms of image formation, the display of images and the influence of social consciousness and behavior on images. The increase in the amount of modern historical sources is caused by the increasing use of audio-visual sources. Special attention is paid to fictional films as a subtype of audio-visual documents; the author describes their potential and peculiarities of representation. It is noted that when analyzing video documents, it is necessary that the researcher take into account the character of information (images of the present and past). Films based on topics belonging to the same epoch as the researchers are the most attractive ones for analyzing as they contain a considerable amount of information reflecting the peculiarities of material culture, behavioral models and relationships as well as social types. The author demonstrates that to study audio-visual sources it is necessary to use special methods, namely, the method of observation. The article studies its essence, and the methods of its adaptation to the analysis of audio-visual documents. Additionally, the article characterizes the main stages in the employment of the method when analyzing video documents. The study of visual sources forms special skills needed to work with information.ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°). ΠΠ± ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ (ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·, ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Ρ, Π»Π°Π½Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡ.). ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π°; Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ; Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°Π·Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Ρ Β«Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΒ» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Β«ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ»). ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΎ-Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ.Π’Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π ΠΠΠ€ β 14-01-00352 Β«ΠΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈ Π² Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ 1920-1980-Ρ
Π³Π³.: ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β»
Relative contributions of the fraction of unfrozen water and of salt concentration to the survival of slowly frozen human erythrocytes
As suspensions of cells freeze, the electrolytes and other solutes in the external solution concentrate progressively, and the cells undergo osmotic dehydration if cooling is slow. The progressive concentration of solute comes about as increasing amounts of pure ice precipitate out of solution and cause the liquid-filled channels in which the cells are sequestered to dwindle in size. The consensus has been that slow freezing injury is related to the composition of the solution in these channels and not to the amount of residual liquid. The purpose of the research reported here was to test this assumption on human erythrocytes. Ordinarily, solute concentration and the amount of liquid in the unfrozen channels are inversely coupled. To vary them independently, one must vary the initial solute concentration. Two solutes were used here: NaCl and the permeating protective additive glycerol. To vary the total initial solute concentration while holding the mass ratio of glycerol to NaCl constant, we had to allow the NaCl tonicity to depart from isotonic. Specifically, human red cells were suspended in solutions with weight ratios of glycerol to NaCl of either 5.42 or 11.26, where the concentrations of NaCl were 0.6, 0.75, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 times isotonic. Samples were then frozen to various subzero temperatures, which were chosen to produce various molalities of NaCl (0.24β3.30) while holding the fraction of unfrozen water constant, or conversely to produce various unfrozen fractions (0.03β0.5) while holding the molality of salt constant. (Not all combinations of these values were possible). The following general findings emerged: (a) few cells survived the freezing of greater than 90% of the extracellular water regardless of the salt concentration in the residual unfrozen portion. (b) When the fraction of frozen water was less than 75% the majority of the cells survived even when the salt concentration in the unfrozen portion exceeded 2 molal. (c) Salt concentration affected survival significantly only when the frozen fraction lay between 75 and 90%. To find a major effect on survival of the fraction of water that remains unfrozen was unexpected. It may require major modifications in how cryobiologists view solution-effect injury and its prevention
Stable gravastars with generalised exteriors
New spherically symmetric gravastar solutions, stable to radial
perturbations, are found by utilising the construction of Visser and Wiltshire.
The solutions possess an anti--de Sitter or de Sitter interior and a
Schwarzschild--(anti)--de Sitter or Reissner--Nordstr\"{o}m exterior. We find a
wide range of parameters which allow stable gravastar solutions, and present
the different qualitative behaviours of the equation of state for these
parameters.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures, to appear in Classical and Quantum Gravit
Real Time Relativity: exploration learning of special relativity
Real Time Relativity is a computer program that lets students fly at
relativistic speeds though a simulated world populated with planets, clocks,
and buildings. The counterintuitive and spectacular optical effects of
relativity are prominent, while systematic exploration of the simulation allows
the user to discover relativistic effects such as length contraction and the
relativity of simultaneity. We report on the physics and technology
underpinning the simulation, and our experience using it for teaching special
relativity to first year university students
Molecular-beam epitaxy of CrSi_2 on Si(111)
Chromium disilicide layers have been grown on Si(111) in a commercial molecularβbeam epitaxy machine. Thin layers (10 nm) exhibit two epitaxial relationships, which have been identified as CrSi_2(0001)//Si(111) with CrSi_2[1010]//Si[101], and CrSi_2(0001)//Si(111) with CrSi_2[1120]//Si[101]. The latter case represents a 30Β° rotation of the CrSi_2 layer about the Si surface normal relative to the former case. Thick (210 nm) layers were grown by four different techniques, and the bestβquality layer was obtained by codeposition of Cr and Si at an elevated temperature. These layers are not single crystal; the largest grains are observed in a layer grown at 825βΒ°C and are 1β2 ΞΌm across
Langevin Equation for the Rayleigh model with finite-ranged interactions
Both linear and nonlinear Langevin equations are derived directly from the
Liouville equation for an exactly solvable model consisting of a Brownian
particle of mass interacting with ideal gas molecules of mass via a
quadratic repulsive potential. Explicit microscopic expressions for all kinetic
coefficients appearing in these equations are presented. It is shown that the
range of applicability of the Langevin equation, as well as statistical
properties of random force, may depend not only on the mass ratio but
also by the parameter , involving the average number of molecules in
the interaction zone around the particle. For the case of a short-ranged
potential, when , analysis of the Langevin equations yields previously
obtained results for a hard-wall potential in which only binary collisions are
considered. For the finite-ranged potential, when multiple collisions are
important (), the model describes nontrivial dynamics on time scales
that are on the order of the collision time, a regime that is usually beyond
the scope of more phenomenological models.Comment: 21 pages, 1 figure. To appear in Phys. Rev.
Tissue ablation with 100-fs and 200-ps laser pulses
The authors used water and human skin tissue to compare the surgical potential of 100-fs and 200-ps laser pulses. For investigation of threshold behavior of 100-fs and 200-ps pulses, the authors use water as a model for tissue. In addition to having a lower threshold, they find that energy deposition is much more consistent with 100-fs pulses. The authors also compared 100-fs and 200-ps laser pulse effects on the surface and in the bulk of human skin tissue. On the surface, pulses with 100-fs and 200-ps duration leave similar size ablation regions. In the bulk both 100-fs and 200-ps pulses produce cavities, however, 100-fs pulses result in a smaller cavity size. On both the surface and in the bulk 100-fs pulses show less collateral tissue damage than 200-ps pulses.published_or_final_versio
Bogomolnyi Bound with a Cosmological Constant
Bogomolnyi-type bound is constructed for the topological solitons in O(3)
nonlinear model coupled to gravity with a negative cosmological
constant. Spacetimes made by self-dual solutions form a class of G\"{o}del-type
universe. In the limit of a spinless massive point particle, the obtained
stationary metric does not violate the causality and it is a new point particle
solution different from the known static hyperboloid and black hole. We also
showed that static Nielsen-Olesen vortices saturate Bogomolnyi-type bound only
when the cosmological constant vanishes.Comment: 11 pages, RevTe
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