Impact of Product Packaging on Consumers Buying Behavior: Evidence from Karachi

The objective of this study is to determine role of packaging on consumer’s buying behavior. The purpose of this research is to examine the essential factors, which are driving then success of a brand. This research also identified the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. This is the primary research and data has been collected through questionnaire and for analysis purpose SPSS software has been used. In this study samples of 300 respondents has been collected and tested the reliability of the model. According to the finding of the research study, it has been observed that the packaging is the most important factor. It is further concluded that the packaging elements like its color, Packaging material, Design of Wrapper and innovation are more important factors when consumers making any buying decision. Finally it has also been concluded that the Packaging is one of the most important and powerful factor, which influences consumer’s purchase decision Keywords: Product Packaging, Buying Behavior, Consumer Behaviou

Social behaviour and circadian variations in different activities of captive hog deer (Axis porcinus)

Management practices/strategies to re-modulate the wild behaviour of animal species could increase their number in natural areas. The captive herd of hog deer showed slight changes from wild behaviour due to captive stress with no alteration in wild behaviour pattern except captive stress. Adult males (6), adult females (6) and fawns (6) were selected and observed round the clock for thirty days across season after one-hour interval on each activity. All subjects in hotter part of the day spent more time in sitting and rest. While, few hours of night in sleeping, resting and rumination. Fawn spent more time in sitting, resting, and hiding compared to adults. During wandering, they also spent some time in standing. It was noticed that all hog deer in herd not slept together but few of them remain active. Only male fighting was observed and maximum was noticed in August and September during breeding season. Hog deer were mainly crepuscular in feeding with irregular short intakes, and grazing on grasses present in enclosure. This study provides guideline to rehabilitate wild hog deer for better breeding management, conservation and raising practices

Importance of Detection of Isoniazid and Rifampicin Mono Drug Resistance and Determining Rate of MDR-TB in Smear Positive Sputum Samples from a Tertiary Care Hospital of West U.P. India

Anti-tubercular therapy is one of the effective strategies used to control tuberculosis, so, a planned and accurate treatment regimen is of utmost importance, but number of cases are being treated as MDR on the basis of rifampicin mono resistance. As reported earlier in various studies from India, prevalence rate of Multi Drug Resistant-Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) vary from region to region. Therefore, we set out to determine rate of MDR-TB, Isoniazid and Rifampicin Mono resistance and common mutation pattern associated with them from our area using GenoType MTBDR plus assay in order to provide better patient care and reduce rate of MDR-TB. This was a Cross-sectional study comprising of 1100 sputum samples collected from DOTS Centre and processed by ZN staining and LPA. Out of 1100 sputum samples, 203 were smear positive. In 203, 193 were detected as positive for MTBC. Rate of MDR was found 12.8% and rifampicin and isoniazid mono-resistance was 6.4% and 8.3% respectively. Commonest mutation pattern seen was S531L in rifampicin and S315T1 in isoniazid. Association between treatment history and resistance pattern was found to be statistically significant. We found there is a high rate of INH mono resistance which was not being detected till now from this area and we also found, there is unrelated risk of isoniazid and rifampicin mono-resistance so, inference of MDR based on RIF mono- resistance is also an inaccurate strategy to manage patients and drug sensitivity should be performed for both first line drug before stating MDR

A comparative study to evaluate efficiency of EDTA and calcium in alleviating arsenic toxicity to germinating and young Vicia faba L. seedlings

Purpose: This study delineated the effect of calcium (Ca) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) addition on arsenic (As) accumulation and physiological attributes of Vicia faba L. Materials and methods: Two separate experiments were performed. In the first experiment, V. faba seedlings, grown under hydroponic conditions, were exposed to three levels of As (25, 125 and 250 μM) in the presence and absence of three levels of EDTA (25, 125, 250 μM) and calcium (CaCl2: 1, 5 and 10 mM). The effect of EDTA and Ca on As accumulation and physiological attributes of V. faba was assessed by determining As contents in roots and shoot, chlorophyll contents, H2O2 contents, and lipid peroxidation in young and old leaves. In the second experiment, V. faba seeds were grown in Ascontaminated sand culture using the same treatment plan. Results and discussion: The accumulation and toxicity of As to V. faba plants increased with increasing As levels in nutrient solution. Arsenic exposure enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in both roots and leaves, which resulted in lipid peroxidation and decreased chlorophyll contents. The presence of both EDTA and Ca, in general, significantly decreased As accumulation by V. faba seedlings, Ca being more effective than EDTA. Both the amendments decreased As-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and lipid peroxidation. In the case of chlorophyll contents, EDTA significantly decreased chlorophyll contents, while Ca significantly increased chlorophyll contents compared to As. The effect of all the treatments was more pronounced in roots than leaves and in young leaves compared to old leaves. Conclusions: It is proposed that EDTA and Ca greatly affect As accumulation and toxicity to V. faba, and the effect varies greatly with their applied levels as well as type and age of plant organs. The germinating seedlings of V. faba may be preferred for risk assessment studies, while transplanting 1-week-old V. faba seedlings to As-contaminated soils can decrease its toxicity

The Biology of Vasopressin

Vasopressins are evolutionarily conserved peptide hormones. Mammalian vasopressin functions systemically as an antidiuretic and regulator of blood and cardiac flow essential for adapting to terrestrial environments. Moreover, vasopressin acts centrally as a neurohormone involved in social and parental behavior and stress response. Vasopressin synthesis in several cell types, storage in intracellular vesicles, and release in response to physiological stimuli are highly regulated and mediated by three distinct G protein coupled receptors. Other receptors may bind or cross-bind vasopressin. Vasopressin is regulated spatially and temporally through transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, sex, tissue, and cell-specific receptor expression. Anomalies of vasopressin signaling have been observed in polycystic kidney disease, chronic heart failure, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Growing knowledge of the central biological roles of vasopressin has enabled pharmacological advances to treat these conditions by targeting defective systemic or central pathways utilizing specific agonists and antagonists