ツキオカ ヨシトシ ノ デンキ ニカンスル ショ モンダイ

It　is　well　recognized　that　Tsukioka　Yoshitoshi（1839－92）is　the　Iast　master　of　Ukiyoe　woodblock　print． 　　He　was　born　in　Edo　era　and　had　been　active　in　Ukiyoe　until　early　Meiji　era．　H量s　works　have　Ilot　been evaluated　until　recently．　This　is　because　his　most　active　period　coincided　with　the　period　of　Japanese　revolution （Meiji－ishin）． 　　Purposes　of　the　present　essay　are　to　re－examine　Yoshitoshi’s　life　in　conjunction　with　his　data　existing　in　his family’s　temple　and　to　draw　up　his　detailed　chronicle　as　well　as　his　family　tree． 　　Iwould　like　to　draw　your　attention　to　three　major　points，　one　is　in　his　relation　to　his　father，　second　is　on his　mental　disease，　and　the　last　is　in　his　relatioll　with　Tsukioka　Sessai（　－1839）． 　　Though　there　are　several　ideas　on　who　was　his　father，　however，　I　came　to　a　conclusion　by　investigating existing　data　that　his　father　must　be　Yoshioka　Hyobu　who　was　one　of　Samurais　in　rank， 　　Next，　he　was　adopted　to　one　of　his　father’s　cousins　who　was　a　merchant　named　Kyoya　Orisaburo． 　　Finally，　he　took　over　his　grand　uncle’s　surname，　Tsukioka　who　was　an　artist　named　Tsukioka　Sessai． 　　It　has　been　suspected　that　he　was　taken　ill　of　mental　problems　two　times　in　his　life，且amely，　nervous　breakdown 　and　melancholia．　According　to　my　through　investigation，　this　may　be　due　to　extraordinary　impression　of his　bloody　painting“Chimidoroe”，　I　would　like　to　point　out　that　he　was　not　ill　and　his　character　alld　his　painting were　very　much　influenced　by　the　Japanese　popular　culture　existing　in　nineteenth　century，　especially　by　the　sense of　horror　and　cruelties　which　were　common　among　Japanese　people　in　these　days．　Also，　these　were　re且ected in　plays，　Japanese　literary　fiction　and　woodblock　prints　in　this　era． 　The　last　point　is　in　his　relation　to　Tsukioka　Sessai　who　was　believed　to　be　the　first　soll　of　Tsukioka　Settei （1710－86）who　lived　in　Osaka．　According　to　Naniwa－Jinketsudan（1855），　Sessai　is　a　son－in－1aw　of　Settei．　At this　stage，　I　suspect　that　Yoshitoshi’s　grand　uncle　and　Sessai　must　be　the　same　person，

Probiotics into outer space: feasibility assessments of encapsulated freeze-dried probiotics during 1 month’s storage on the International Space Station

Suppression of immune function during long spaceflights is an issue that needs to be overcome. The well-established probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) could be a promising countermeasure, and we have launched a project to investigate the efficacy of its use on the International Space Station (ISS). As a first step, we developed a specialist probiotic product for space experiments, containing freeze-dried LcS in capsule form (Probiotics Package), and tested its stability through 1 month of storage on the ISS. The temperature inside the ISS ranged from 20.0 to 24.5 °C. The absorbed dose rate of the flight sample was 0.26 mGy/day and the dose equivalent rate was 0.52 mSv/day. The number of live LcS was 1.05 × 1011 colony-forming units/g powder (49.5% of the initial value) 6 months after the start of the study; this value was comparable to those in the two ground controls. Profiles of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, sequence variant frequency, carbohydrate fermentation, reactivity to LcS-specific antibody, and the cytokine-inducing ability of LcS in the flight sample did not differ from those of the ground controls. We can therefore maintain the viability and basic probiotic properties of LcS stored as a Probiotics Package on the ISS