Dimension Spectra of Lines

This paper investigates the algorithmic dimension spectra of lines in the Euclidean plane. Given any line L with slope a and vertical intercept b, the dimension spectrum sp(L) is the set of all effective Hausdorff dimensions of individual points on L. We draw on Kolmogorov complexity and geometrical arguments to show that if the effective Hausdorff dimension dim(a, b) is equal to the effective packing dimension Dim(a, b), then sp(L) contains a unit interval. We also show that, if the dimension dim(a, b) is at least one, then sp(L) is infinite. Together with previous work, this implies that the dimension spectrum of any line is infinite

Fallas activas y sismicidad en las partes altas de la ciudad de Granada: comportamiento dinámico de la Formación Alhambra

En este trabajo se caracteriza el comportamiento dinámico de la Formación Alhambra mediante un análisis de estabilidad del Tajo de San Pedro, localizado al pie del monumento de la Alhambra (Granada). La Formación Alhambra está formada principalmente por conglomerados de edad Plioceno-Pleistoceno inferior con un espesor de al menos 200 m. En esta formación se localizan numerosas fallas normales con dirección NO-SE predominante. Muchas de estas fallas presentan una actividad reciente, pudiendo ser relacionada con la ocurrencia de terremotos en la zona. La peligrosidad de estos eventos sísmicos debe ser considerada como moderada, ya que existen numerosos registros históricos en los que los daños producidos en los muros de la Alhambra son relacionados con la actividad sísmica. Por otra parte, estas fallas también representan discontinuidades mecánicas que contribuyen a la reducción de la estabilidad del conjunto del macizo rocoso. Este es el caso del Tajo de San Pedro, cuyo escarpe lateral constituye el plano de una de estas fallas. Los conglomerados de la Formación Alhambra son un sustrato rocoso firme y resistente con valor de aceleración crítica elevado (ac=0.51g), lo que evita que se produzcan importantes inestabilidades de ladera de origen sísmico.We study the dynamic behaviour of the Alhambra Formation by means of a slope stability analysis of the Tajo de San Pedro slope, which is located at the bottom of the Alhambra monument (Granada). The Alhambra Formation is formed mainly by conglomerates of Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene age, and has a thickness of at least 200 m. This formation is affected by a number of normal faults trending NW-SE. Many of these faults show evidence of recent activity and so they could be responsible of the occurrence of past earthquakes in the area. In fact, damage to the walls of the Alhambra has been related many times to the occurrence of earthquakes. Additionally, these faults also play as mechanical discontinuities that contribute to reducing the stability of the rock mass. This is the case of the Tajo de San Pedro slope, one of its lateral faces being a fault scarp. The conglomerates of the Alhambra Formation are a firm and resistant bedrock that shows a high critical acceleration value (ac=0.51g), which reduces the likelihood of a instability triggered by an earthquake

Fault System-Based Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of a Moderate Seismicity Region: The Eastern Betics Shear Zone (SE Spain)

Including faults as seismogenic sources in probabilistic seismic hazard assessments (PSHA) has turned into a common practice as knowledge of active faults is improving. Moreover, the occurrence of earthquakes in multi-fault ruptures has evidenced the need to understand faults as interacting systems rather than independent sources. We present a PSHA for the Southeastern Spain obtained by including the faults of a moderate seismicity region, the Eastern Betics Shear Zone (EBSZ) in SE Spain, as the main seismogenic sources in two separate source models, one considering background seismicity. In contrast with previous studies in Spain, earthquake occurrence of the EBSZ system is modeled considering different hypotheses of multi-fault ruptures at the whole fault system scale and weighted in a logic tree. We compare the hazard levels with those from an area source PSHA and a previous fault-based approach. The results show a clear control of the EBSZ faults in the seismic hazard for all return periods, increasing drastically the hazard levels in the regions close to the fault traces and influencing up to 20 km farther with respect to the area source PSHA. The seismic hazard is dependent on the fault slip rates as peak ground accelerations and territorial extension of the fault influence appear higher around the Alhama de Murcia and Carboneras faults, while lower slip rate faults (Palomares Fault) show minor contribution to the hazard. For the return period of 475 years and near-fault locations, our models are more consistent with the ground motion values reached in the 2011 Mw 5.2 Lorca event than the building code or national seismic hazard map, which suggest that our fault system-based model performs more accurate estimations for this return period. Fault data, mainly slip rates, and its uncertainties have a clear impact on the seismic hazard and, for some faults, the lack of detailed paleoseismic studies can compromise the reliability of the hazard estimations. This, together with epistemic uncertainties concerning the background seismicity, are key discussion points in the present study, having an impact on further research and aiming to serve as a case example for other low-to-moderate seismicity regions worldwide

Tectónica activa de la Cuenca de Málaga: evidencias en marcadores morfotectónicos (Cordillera Bética Occidental, España)

The Malaga Basin is located in the westernmost part of the Betic Cordillera. This alpine cordillera in the south of Spain is the most active region of the Iberian Peninsula. Some of the most destructive earthquakes occurred historically in Spain took place within the Malaga Basin. In this work we focus on geomorphic and morphotectonic observations in the aim of finding active tectonic structures that could be seismogenic sources. First, we study the spatial arrangement and age of the Quaternary alluvial fan system as well as the drainage pattern of the basin, followed by the analysis of the distribution of regional markers like marine erosive surfaces and the extend of Pliocene marine deposits in the Malaga Basin. The tectonic structures inferred as active by the morphotectonic analysis are grouped into four main families: N60º-85ºE folds associated with blind thrust faults, N20º-30ºE and N40º-50ºE high angle dip-slip faults, and N165º-170ºE tear faults. Finally, their seismic potential in terms of maximum moment magnitude (Mw) is assessed by means of empirical relationships, varying between 6.0 and 7.0 depending on the hypothesis considered.La cuenca de Málaga se sitúa en la parte más occidental de la cordillera Bética. En esta cordillera alpina del sur de España se han localizado algunos de los terremotos más destructivos ocurridos históricamente en la península Ibérica. En este trabajo se estudian algunos de los aspectos geomorfológicos de la cuenca del Málaga con el fin de identificar las estructuras tectónicas activas que pudiesen ser fuentes sismogénicas. Se estudia la distribución y edad del sistema de abanicos aluviales de la cuenca, así como la red de drenaje. También se analiza la distribución regional de marcadores tectónicos pliocenos, como superficies de erosión marina y los depósitos sedimentarios de este periodo transgresivo. Se han identificado varias estructuras tectónicas activas que han sido agrupadas en cuatro familias: pliegues N60º-85ºE asociados con falla inversas ciegas, fallas de alto buzamiento con salto en la vertical N20º-30ºE y N40º-50ºE, y fallas de transferencia N165º-170ºE. En base a relaciones empíricas se ha estimado un potencial sísmico para las fallas identificadas, obteniéndose valores de magnitud momento (Mw) entre 6,0 y 7,0

Complejidad versus simplicidad en prótesis total removible

En el presente trabajo valoramos los resultados a distancia (dos años) del método de elaboración de la Prótesis Total Removible, mediante la utilización de parámetros clínicos, con el fin de simplificar el proceso de elaboración de la Prótesis Total

Management of Febrile Neutropenia - a German Prospective Hospital Cost Analysis in Lymphoproliferative Disorders, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, and Primary Breast Cancer

Background: Febrile neutropenia/leukopenia (FN/FL) is the most frequent dose-limiting toxicity of myelosuppressive chemotherapy, but German data on economic consequences are limited. Patients and Methods: A prospective, multicentre, longitudinal, observational study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of FN/FL and its impact on health resource utilization and costs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), lymphoproliferative disorder (LPD), and primary breast cancer (PBC) patients. Costs are presented from a hospital perspective. Results: A total of 325 consecutive patients (47% LPD, 37% NSCLC, 16% PBC; 46% women; 38% age >= 65 years) with 68 FN/FL episodes were evaluated. FN/FL occurred in 22% of the LPD patients, 8% of the NSCLC patients, and 27% of the PBC patients. 55 FN/FL episodes were associated with at least 1 hospital stay (LPD n = 34, NSCLC n = 10, PBC n = 11). Mean (median) cost per FN/FL episode requiring hospital care amounted to (sic) 3,950 ((sic) 2,355) and varied between (sic) 4,808 ((sic) 3,056) for LPD, (sic) 3,627 ((sic) 2,255) for NSCLC, and (sic) 1,827 ((sic) 1,969) for PBC patients. 12 FN/FL episodes (LPD n = 9, NSCLC n = 3) accounted for 60% of the total expenses. Main cost drivers were hospitalization and drugs (60 and 19% of the total costs). Conclusions: FN/FL treatment has economic relevance for hospitals. Costs vary between tumour types, being significantly higher for LPD compared to PBC patients. The impact of clinical characteristics on asymmetrically distributed costs needs further evaluation

Seismogenic zoning based on the geothermal gradient, strenght and depth of the fragile-ductile transition in the upper crust. Methodological approach for seismic hazard calculations in southeast Spain

In this work we present a methodological approach to define seismogenic zones for seismic hazard analysis based on the relationships which can be drawn from the geothermal gradient, total strength of the upper crust and the depth of the fragile-ductile transition, and their relation with the mean focal depth and a parameter hereby defined: Seismic Density Index (number of events per km3 x 1000). A revision of the deep geophysical data available in SE Spain has led to the definition of 6 distinctive crustal blocks. Two main types of crustal blocks are identified: hot-and-weak and cold-and-strong. Hot-and-weak blocks show consistently higher geothermal gradients, lower strengths and shallower fragile-ductile depths than coldand- strong blocks. Furthermore hot-and-weak blocks show higher seismic density indexes and shallower mean focal depths. However, two blocks biased from this relationship and so are called anomalous. According to these results four seismogenic zones can be defined in SE Spain. The a and b parameters of the Gutenberg-Richter law of each zone are consistent with the thermal and strength properties of the blocks. Zones based on the hot-and-weak blocks show higher a and b values than the cold-and-strong ones, while the anomalous blocks show values in between these extreme

Universal fluctuations in subdiffusive transport

Subdiffusive transport in tilted washboard potentials is studied within the fractional Fokker-Planck equation approach, using the associated continuous time random walk (CTRW) framework. The scaled subvelocity is shown to obey a universal law, assuming the form of a stationary Levy-stable distribution. The latter is defined by the index of subdiffusion alpha and the mean subvelocity only, but interestingly depends neither on the bias strength nor on the specific form of the potential. These scaled, universal subvelocity fluctuations emerge due to the weak ergodicity breaking and are vanishing in the limit of normal diffusion. The results of the analytical heuristic theory are corroborated by Monte Carlo simulations of the underlying CTRW