Assessment of drug prescribing pattern using WHO indicators in hospitalized patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital in rural area of India

Background: To promote rational drug use in patients of rural areas, it is important to assess drug use pattern using the WHO prescription indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the drug prescription patterns in patients admitted in Medicine department of UPRIMS&R.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from Jan 2015 to June 2015. Data were collected & analysed according to WHO prescribing indicators and presented by using descriptive statistics.Results: 626 prescriptions were selected in which 3205 drugs were prescribed. The most common drug groups prescribed were antibiotics 24.64% followed by anti-diabetic drugs 12.38%, analgesics 12.23% and drugs for cardiovascular diseases 11.82%, GIT drugs 9.01%. Average number of drugs per prescription was 5.11. Drugs prescribed from essential drugs list (India) was 76.06%. Drugs prescribed from essential drugs list (WHO) was 23.04%. Total number of prescriptions with antibiotics was 24.27%. Total number of prescriptions with injections was 24.05%. Percentage of fixed dose combinations was 28.7%. Drugs prescribed by generic name were 89.88%.Conclusions: The prescribing pattern of antibiotics was according to WHO recommendations while the average number of drugs per prescription was found high. There were small differences in the values of drugs prescribed by generic names, injectable and drugs from NLEM from the recommended values

Efficacy of vijaysar, aloevera alone and their combination in the treatment of newly diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized single blind prospective study

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a disease was known since ancient time and all system of medicine over world were tried to cure this disease. Unfortunately the numbers of diabetes patients are increasing day by day due to many risk factors such as sedentary life, obesity etc.Methods: A total of 120 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus attending OPD of UPUMS, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India, were included in the study. Patients were divided into 4 groups. Group-1, 2, 3 and 4 received Aloevera, Vijaysar, Aloevera + Vijaysar and Glimepiride respectively for thirteen weeks. Sample for fasting blood sugar and postprandial blood sugar were measured at baseline, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 8th and at 13th week. HbA1c and Lipid profile were measured at baseline and at thirteen week.Results: Significant decrease in FPG, 2hPG, and HbA1c level were achieved in all groups but effects was maximum in Glimepiride group. Vijaysar had shown better glucose control than Aloevera as well as Aloevera + Vijaysar group. Synergism was shown by both herbal drugs for FPG control but not for 2hPG. The Effect of Vijaysar alone on 2hPG was similar to Glimepiride.Conclusions: Vijaysar could be a promising herbal drug for the treatment of mild uncomplicated cases of type-2 diabetes mellitus; however both drugs have shown synergism for FPG control. Both herbal drugs were safe during our study, only one patient of Vijaysar group had complaint of diarrhoea, which was subsided one week later

Assessment of drug prescribing pattern using WHO indicators in hospitalized patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital in rural area of India

Background: To promote rational drug use in patients of rural areas, it is important to assess drug use pattern using the WHO prescription indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the drug prescription patterns in patients admitted in Medicine department of UPRIMS&R.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from Jan 2015 to June 2015. Data were collected & analysed according to WHO prescribing indicators and presented by using descriptive statistics.Results: 626 prescriptions were selected in which 3205 drugs were prescribed. The most common drug groups prescribed were antibiotics 24.64% followed by anti-diabetic drugs 12.38%, analgesics 12.23% and drugs for cardiovascular diseases 11.82%, GIT drugs 9.01%. Average number of drugs per prescription was 5.11. Drugs prescribed from essential drugs list (India) was 76.06%. Drugs prescribed from essential drugs list (WHO) was 23.04%. Total number of prescriptions with antibiotics was 24.27%. Total number of prescriptions with injections was 24.05%. Percentage of fixed dose combinations was 28.7%. Drugs prescribed by generic name were 89.88%.Conclusions: The prescribing pattern of antibiotics was according to WHO recommendations while the average number of drugs per prescription was found high. There were small differences in the values of drugs prescribed by generic names, injectable and drugs from NLEM from the recommended values

EFFECT OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA FRUITS ON STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS ASSOCIATED COMPLICATIONS

Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of Momordica charantia fruits on diabetes mellitus and its related complications.Methods: Crude powder, aqueous, 95% and 50% ethanol extract of Momordica charantia fruits were administered to normal rats post sucrose load and streptozotocin-induced (STZ-induced) diabetic rats in single-dose study. The aqueous extract was further fractionated into butanol and aqueous fractions which were evaluated for the antihyperglycemic activity at a single dose in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The multiple dose effect of aqueous fraction was studied in high-fructose diet fed (HFD) rats and STZ-induced diabetic rats. The effect of the same fraction on cellular glucose uptake and insulin-signaling was studied in rat skeletal muscle cells (L6).Results: The aqueous extract of Momordica charantia fruits showed significant lowering of postprandial hyperglycemia in normal rats and also lowered blood glucose level in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The butanol and aqueous fractions also significantly declined the blood glucose level of STZ-induced diabetic rats in single-dose administration with comparatively higher activity in aqueous fraction. In a multiple - dose study the aqueous fraction significantly improved fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance, plasma insulin level, lipid profile, hepatic and renal parameters in both high-fructose diet fed and STZ-induced diabetic rats. In vitro study of L6 cells revealed that the aqueous fraction significantly increased glucose uptake by treated cells by upregulating the expression of IRS, AKT and GLUT4 at both mRNA and protein level.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the aqueous fraction of aqueous extract of Momordica charantia fruits is competent in the control of diabetes and its related complications.Â

Antidiabetic Potential of Potentilla fulgens Roots in Validated Animal Models of Diabetes

The present study was undertaken to investigate the antidiabetic potential of tap roots of Potentilla fulgens in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat models. The crude powder, ethanolic, ethanolic: aqueous and aqueous extracts of tap roots were administered to normoglycemic- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats in a single dose study. The ethanolic extract showed significant improvement in oral glucose tolerance and antihyperglycemic effect on sucrose loaded normal rats and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Of the isolated aqueous, n-butanol, chloroform and n-hexane soluble fractions of the active ethanolic extract of the roots, the aqueous fraction (100 mg/kg body weight) showed significant blood glucose lowering effect on STZ-induced diabetic rats. In a multiple dose study, aqueous fraction of ethanolic extract of P. fulgens roots significantly improved the body weight, percent glycated hemoglobin (%HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), serum insulin, lipid profile, liver and kidney parameters in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The aqueous fraction also showed marked improvement in OGTT and serum insulin level in neonatal STZ-induced diabetic rats for 30 consecutive days. The aqueous fraction of the roots also inhibited the activity of alpha (α)-glucosidase enzyme in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, the finding suggested that an aqueous fraction of tap roots of P. fulgens possessed potential antidiabetic activity

New insights into QTNs and potential candidate genes governing rice yield via a multi-model genome-wide association study

Abstract Background Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the globally important staple food crops, and yield-related traits are prerequisites for improved breeding efficiency in rice. Here, we used six different genome-wide association study (GWAS) models for 198 accessions, with 553,229 single nucleotide markers (SNPs) to identify the quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) and candidate genes (CGs) governing rice yield. Results Amongst the 73 different QTNs in total, 24 were co-localized with already reported QTLs or loci in previous mapping studies. We obtained fifteen significant QTNs, pathway analysis revealed 10 potential candidates within 100kb of these QTNs that are predicted to govern plant height, days to flowering, and plot yield in rice. Based on their superior allelic information in 20 elite and 6 inferior genotypes, we found a higher percentage of superior alleles in the elite genotypes in comparison to inferior genotypes. Further, we implemented expression analysis and enrichment analysis enabling the identification of 73 candidate genes and 25 homologues of Arabidopsis, 19 of which might regulate rice yield traits. Of these candidate genes, 40 CGs were found to be enriched in 60 GO terms of the studied traits for instance, positive regulator metabolic process (GO:0010929), intracellular part (GO:0031090), and nucleic acid binding (GO:0090079). Haplotype and phenotypic variation analysis confirmed that LOC_OS09G15770, LOC_OS02G36710 and LOC_OS02G17520 are key candidates associated with rice yield. Conclusions Overall, we foresee that the QTNs, putative candidates elucidated in the study could summarize the polygenic regulatory networks controlling rice yield and be useful for breeding high-yielding varieties

<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB">Antidiabetic activity of heart wood of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Pterocarpus marsupium</i> Roxb. and analysis of phytoconstituents^†</span>

363-374The crude powder, ethanolic extract and aqueous, chloroform, hexane and n-butanol soluble fractions of ethanolic extract of heart wood of P. marsupium showed marked improvement on oral glucose tolerance post sucrose load in normal rats. All these fractions except aqueous fraction showed improvement on oral glucose tolerance post sucrose load on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The crude powder, ethanolic extract and hexane and n-butanol fractions showed marked decline in blood glucose level on STZ-induced diabetic rats. The ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg body weight) when given to STZ-induced diabetic rats for 10 consecutive days declined blood glucose, improved OGTT and increased their serum insulin levels. The ethanolic extract also showed marked improvement on oral glucose tolerance on high fat-low dosed STZ-induced diabetic rats and neonatally STZ treated rats. The ethanolic extract of P. marsupium also showed marked antidyslipidemic effects on high fat diet fed Syrian golden hamsters. Altered renal and hepatic function markers and serum insulin levels of high fat diet fed-low dosed STZ-treated diabetic rats were also found towards normalization when these animals were treated with ethanolic extract of P. marsupium for 28 consecutive days. The four out of five phenolic C-glycosides isolated from n-butanol fraction of ethanolic extract of P. marsupium enhanced glucose uptake by skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) in a dose dependent manner. It may primarily be concluded that phenolic-C-glycosides present in P. marsupium heart wood are the phytoconstituents responsible for the antihyperglycemic activity and validate the claim of antidiabetic activity of heart wood of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">P. marsupium

Palladium-Catalyzed Dearomative [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition toward Hydrocarbazoles

An efficient method for the construction of hydrocarbazoles bearing three continuous sterically hindered stereocenters, two quaternary and one tertiary, via a highly diastereoselective palladium-catalyzed [4 + 2]-cycloaddition/dearomatization of 3-nitroindoles has been developed. The cycloaddition of 3-nitroindoles occurs at ambient conditions with a 1,4-zwitterionic intermediate, in situ generated from γ-methylidene-δ-valerolactones. The further synthetic utility of this method is demonstrated by the multifaceted transformations possible from the products. The catalytic asymmetric aspect of this transformation has also been explored