Aplicación de un código de ética que regule las operaciones bancarias con la finalidad de superar barreras normativas que están afectando a clientes que no tienen presencia física en el país y cuyos fondos podrían tener origen lícito

La sociedad mundial sufre las consecuencias del narcotráfico, del terrorismo internacional y de la corrupción política. Una de las características actuales de la gran delincuencia es el paso de la criminalidad individual a otra que podríamos llamar corporativa, organizada con el objeto de obtener grandes beneficios económicos. Ello en parte es posible por la oportunidad que la llamada globalización de la economía mundial les ofrece, pues estos grupos tratan de optimizar las ganancias derivadas de sus actividades ilícitas reconduciendo hacia la economía legal los beneficios obtenidos fuera de ella. Los efectos del narcotráfico son funestos, socavan las bases económicas, corroen las bases culturales y las estructuras políticas de la sociedad. El dinero proveniente del narcotráfico frecuentemente financia el crimen organizado y las actividades terroristas tendientes a desestabilizar los regímenes económicos que combaten el narcotráfico

Comparison of five portable peak flow meters

OBJECTIVE: To compare the measurements of spirometric peak expiratory flow (PEF) from five different PEF meters and to determine if their values are in agreement. Inaccurate equipment may result in incorrect diagnoses of asthma and inappropriate treatments. METHODS: Sixty-eight healthy, sedentary and insufficiently active subjects, aged from 19 to 40 years, performed PEF measurements using Air Zone®, Assess®, Galemed®, Personal Best® and Vitalograph® peak flow meters. The highest value recorded for each subject for each device was compared to the corresponding spirometric values using Friedman's test with Dunn's post-hoc (p<0.05), Spearman's correlation test and Bland-Altman's agreement test. RESULTS: The median and interquartile ranges for the spirometric values and the Air Zone®, Assess®, Galemed®, Personal Best® and Vitalograph® meters were 428 (263-688 L/min), 450 (350-800 L/min), 420 (310-720 L/min), 380 (300-735 L/min), 400 (310-685 L/min) and 415 (335-610 L/min), respectively. Significant differences were found when the spirometric values were compared to those recorded by the Air Zone® (p<0.001) and Galemed ® (p<0.01) meters. There was no agreement between the spirometric values and the five PEF meters. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the values recorded from Galemed® meters may underestimate the actual value, which could lead to unnecessary interventions, and that Air Zone® meters overestimate spirometric values, which could obfuscate the need for intervention. These findings must be taken into account when interpreting both devices' results in younger people. These differences should also be considered when directly comparing values from different types of PEF meters

Relationship of Bode Index to Functional Tests in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is a correlation between the BODE Index and variables assessed during the Activities of Daily Living assessment, performance on lower limber tests, and peripheral muscle impairment of the upper limb in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten men (aged 58 to 80 years old) with moderate to very severe obstruction were evaluated and classified by the BODE Index. They were evaluated by pulmonary ventilation (V•E), oxygen consumption (V•O2), and carbonic gas production (V•CO2) on the ADL assessment; Distance Walking (DW) in the Six Minute Walking Test (6MWT) and the Six Minute Walking Test on Treadmill (6MWTT); number of repetitions in the Sit-to-Stand Test; and the Hand Grip Strength Test. Correlations were evaluated between the classification and the tests performed (Pearson and Spearman test, p<0.05). RESULTS: The mean of the total score for the BODE Index was 2.80 (±1.03), with three patients scoring in the first quartile (Q1) and seven scoring in the second quartile (Q2). This Index showed a negative correlation with the 6MWTT (r=-0.86), the Sit-to-Stand Test (r=-0.66), and the Hand Grip Strength Test (r=-0.83). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that there is no correlation between the BODE Index and the ventilatory and metabolic responses in the Activities of Daily Living assessment. On the other hand, a correlation was observed between the BODE Index and the variables assessed in the 6MWTT, Sit-to-Stand Test, and Hand Grip Strength Test in moderate to very severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease patients. This suggests that these tests can be employed as predictors of physical exercise capacity, perhaps as complementary tests to the BODE Index

The percentage of mature height as a morphometric index of somatic growth: a formal scrutiny of conventional simple ratio scaling assumptions

Purpose: To assess conventional assumptions that underpin the percentage of mature height index as the simple ratio of screening height (numerator) divided by actual or predicted adult height (denominator). Methods: We examined cross-sectional data from 99 academy youth soccer players (chronological age range, 11.5 to 17.7 y) skeletally immature at the screening time and with adult height measurements available at follow-up. Results: The y-intercept value of −60 cm (95% confidence interval, −115 to −6 cm) from linear regression between screening height and adult height indicated the failure to meet the zero y-intercept assumption. The correlation coefficient between present height and adult height of .64 (95% confidence interval, .50 to .74) was not equal to the ratio of coefficient of variations between these variables (CVx/CVy = 0.46) suggesting Tanner’s special circumstance was violated. The non-zero correlation between the ratio and the denominator of .21 (95% confidence interval, .01 to .39) indicated that the percentage of mature height was biased low for players with generally shorter adult height, and vice versa. Conclusion: For the first time, we have demonstrated that the percentage of mature height is an inconsistent statistic for determining the extent of completed growth, leading to potentially biased inferences for research and applied purposes

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Assessment Test in assessing of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: there is a relationship with activities of daily living and mortality predictor index? A cross-sectional study

The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a relationship between the impact of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) on health status and the level of dyspnea in Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and the mortality predictor index in patients undergoing Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR). It is a cross-sectional study in which 32 patients with moderate to very severe COPD (23 men; 66.6±12.0 years; FEV1: 40.6±15.6% predicted) were assessed by: COPD Assessment Test (CAT), Body Mass Index (BMI), six-Minute Walking Test (6MWT), London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale (LCADL), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) and BODE Index (Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise capacity). The CAT score presented moderate correlation with the mMRC questionnaire (r=0.35; p=0.048), total score of LCADL (r=0.60; pO objetivo do estudo foi investigar se há relação entre o impacto da Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) no estado de saúde com o nível de dispneia nas atividades de vida diária (AVD) e o índice preditor de mortalidade em pacientes em reabilitação pulmonar (RP). Trata-se de um estudo transversal, em que foram avaliados 32 pacientes com DPOC moderada a muito grave (23 homens; 66,6±12,0 anos; VEF1: 40,6±15,6% previsto) por meio do COPD Assessment Test (CAT), Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC), Teste de Caminhada de Seis Minutos (TC6), London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale (LCADL), modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) e Índice BODE (Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise capacity). Observaram-se correlações positivas moderadas do CAT com o questionário mMRC (r=0,35; p=0,048), a pontuação total da LCADL (r=0,60; pEl objetivo del estudio fue investigar si hay relación entre el impacto de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) en el estado de salud con el nivel de disnea en las actividades de la vida diaria (AVD) y el índice predictor de mortalidad en pacientes en rehabilitación pulmonar (RP). Se trata de un estudio transversal, en el que fueron evaluados 32 pacientes con EPOC moderada a muy grave (23 hombres; 66,6±12,0 años; VEF1: 40,6±15,6% previsto) por medio del COPD Assessment Test (CAT), Índice de Masa Corpórea (IMC), Test de Caminata de Seis Minutos (TC6), London Chest Activity of Daily Living Scale (LCADL), mo dified Medical Research Council (mMRC) e Índice BODE (Body mass index, airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea and Exercise capacity). Se observaron correlaciones positivas moderadas del CAT con el cuestionario mMRC (r=0,35; p=0,048), la puntuación total de la LCADL (r=0,60;

Aplicabilidade das equações de referência para o teste de caminhada de seis minutos em adultos e idosos saudáveis de um município do estado de São Paulo

O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) tem sido considerado simples, seguro, de fácil administração, além de fornecer resultados representativos sobre atividades habituais do dia a dia. Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar e comparar a distância percorrida no TC6 com as distâncias previstas por equações disponíveis na literatura científica em adultos e idosos saudáveis do município de São Carlos (SP), e verificar a aplicabilidade dessas equações nessa população. Foram avaliados 43 indivíduos (23 homens), dos 55 aos 78 anos, por meio da avaliação física, espirometria e do TC6. Observamos que a distância percorrida no TC6 foi significativamente (teste t-pareado: pThe six-minute walk test (6MWT) has been considered simple, safe, easy administration, and provide representative results about normal activities of day-to-day. The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare the 6-min walk distance (6MWD) with predicted distance by reference equations available in the scientific literature in healthy elderly adults, and to verify the applicability of these reference equations in this population. Forty-three elderly adults apparently healthy (23 males) between 55 to 78 years old were assessed by means of general physical assessment, the spirometry and 6MWT. The 6MWT was performed twice, with 30-min interval between them. The 6MWD was significantly (paired t-test: pEl test de marcha de seis minutos (TM6) es considerado simple, seguro y de fácil administración, además de entregar resultados representativos sobre actividades habituales del día a día. Los objetivos del estudio fueron evaluar y comparar la distancia recorrida en el TM6 con las distancias previstas por ecuaciones disponibles en la literatura científica en adultos y adultos mayores saludables del municipio de Sao Carlos/SP, y verificar la aplicabilidad de esas ecuaciones en esta población. Fueron evaluados 43 individuos (23 hombres), entre los 55 a los 78 años, por medio de evaluación física, espirometría y del TM6. Observamos que la distancia recorrida en el TM6 fue significativamente (test t-pareado:

Desterrados : Los silenciados de la Conquista

Desterrados es una exhibición itinerante destinada a discutir la noción de "Conquista del desierto". A partir de algunos de los objetos de la colección patrimonial de Salatino Mazulli (provincia de Río Negro), la exhibición invita a reflexionar sobre aquel proceso histórico desde una perspectiva integral. También poner en valor la lucha de los pueblos por la reivindicación de sus derechos, repensando la historia nacional desde una mirada local.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Desterrados : Los silenciados de la Conquista

Desterrados es una exhibición itinerante destinada a discutir la noción de "Conquista del desierto". A partir de algunos de los objetos de la colección patrimonial de Salatino Mazulli (provincia de Río Negro), la exhibición invita a reflexionar sobre aquel proceso histórico desde una perspectiva integral. También poner en valor la lucha de los pueblos por la reivindicación de sus derechos, repensando la historia nacional desde una mirada local.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse