171 research outputs found
Influence du rÚglement adopté à Sherbrooke pour obliger les moins de 18 ans à porter un casque à vélo sur la pratique du vélo et le port du casque
Tableau d'honneur de la FacultĂ© des Ă©tudes supĂ©rieures et postdoctorales, 2017-2018CONTEXTE : Le port du casque Ă vĂ©lo est reconnu comme Ă©tant une mesure efficace pour prĂ©venir les traumatismes crĂąniens chez les cyclistes. Plusieurs pays ont lĂ©gifĂ©rĂ© pour rendre obligatoire le port du casque, mais ce type de mesure est contestĂ© par plusieurs de crainte qu'elle ait pour effet de rĂ©duire la pratique du vĂ©lo, en particulier chez les adolescents. La municipalitĂ© de Sherbrooke a adoptĂ© en 2011 un rĂšglement rendant obligatoire le port du casque Ă vĂ©lo pour les mineurs. OBJECTIF : Le prĂ©sent mĂ©moire a pour objectif d'Ă©valuer l'effet du rĂšglement adoptĂ© Ă Sherbrooke en 2011 sur la pratique du vĂ©lo et le port du casque chez les jeunes Sherbrookois. MĂTHODOLOGIE : Cette Ă©valuation a Ă©tĂ© faite auprĂšs de tous les jeunes de 12 Ă 17 ans ayant participĂ© Ă quatre cycles de l'EnquĂȘte sur la santĂ© dans les collectivitĂ©s canadiennes (ESCC) dans la RMR de Sherbrooke (groupe exposĂ©; n = 248) et dans les RMR de Gatineau, Trois-RiviĂšres et Saguenay (groupe tĂ©moin; n = 767), soit deux cycles avant l'entrĂ©e en vigueur du rĂšglement (2007-2008 et 2009-2010) et deux cycles aprĂšs (2011-2012 et 2013-2014). L'effet du rĂšglement a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ© en analysant les donnĂ©es de ces enquĂȘtes sur la pratique du vĂ©lo et sur le port du casque relatives aux deux groupes de jeunes Ă l'aide de modĂšles de rĂ©gression logistique (RC) comprenant plusieurs variables d'ajustement (l'Ăąge, le sexe, la saison et l'indice de dĂ©favorisation matĂ©rielle et sociale). RĂSULTATS : Les rĂ©sultats des analyses de rĂ©gression logistique montrent que la pratique du vĂ©lo est demeurĂ©e stable chez les jeunes de la RMR de Sherbrooke aprĂšs l'entrĂ©e en vigueur du rĂšglement par rapport Ă avant (RC : 1.25, IC : 0.58-2.59), mais elle a significativement diminuĂ© dans les trois RMR du groupe tĂ©moin (RC : 0.54, IC : 0.36-0.80). Les rĂ©sultats de ces analyses montrent Ă©galement que les jeunes de la RMR de Sherbrooke pratiquaient significativement plus le vĂ©lo aprĂšs l'entrĂ©e en vigueur du rĂšglement par rapport Ă avant comparativement aux jeunes des RMR ayant servi de groupe tĂ©moin (RC : 2.32, IC : 1.01-5.35). Il ressort Ă©galement que le port du casque a augmentĂ© aprĂšs le rĂšglement par rapport Ă avant chez les jeunes de la RMR de Sherbrooke (RC de 0.83 Ă 2.16), mais de façon non significative au plan statistique, alors que le port du casque est demeurĂ© stable dans les autres RMR (RC de 1.00 Ă 0.97). Des entrevues menĂ©es auprĂšs d'informateurs clĂ©s montrent que le rĂšglement a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ© de façon non rĂ©pressive, qu'il a Ă©tĂ© prĂ©cĂ©dĂ© et accompagnĂ© par de nombreuses activitĂ©s faisant la promotion de la pratique du vĂ©lo et du port du casque chez les jeunes (ex: activitĂ©s informationnelles; dĂ©veloppement d'infrastructures cyclables ; don de bicyclettes et de casques) et que ces activitĂ©s promotionnelles Ă©taient beaucoup plus nombreuses et variĂ©es dans la RMR de Sherbrooke comparativement aux trois RMR tĂ©moins. CONCLUSION : Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude suggĂšrent que le rĂšglement adoptĂ© Ă Sherbrooke pour obliger les mineurs Ă porter un casque Ă vĂ©lo n'a pas eu pour effet de diminuer la pratique du vĂ©lo chez les 12 Ă 17 ans. Le devis de cette Ă©tude ne permet pas toutefois d'isoler l'effet spĂ©cifique du rĂšglement sur la pratique du vĂ©lo de celui des activitĂ©s promotionnelles. On ne peut donc pas exclure la possibilitĂ© que le rĂšglement ait entraĂźnĂ© une diminution de la pratique du vĂ©lo, mais que cet effet nĂ©gatif ait Ă©tĂ© contrĂ© par un effet positif plus important des activitĂ©s promotionnelles sur cette pratique. Il faut donc ĂȘtre prudent avant de gĂ©nĂ©raliser les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude Ă d'autres rĂ©gions et encore plus Ă l'Ă©chelle d'une province ou d'un pays, entre autres parce qu'il n'est pas garanti qu'il soit possible de respecter les mĂȘmes conditions d'implantation qu'Ă Sherbrooke, en particulier en ce qui concerne le dĂ©ploiement d'activitĂ©s de promotion de la pratique du vĂ©lo
RNA interference and nonviral targeted gene therapy of experimental brain cancer
According to isotopic labeling experiments, most of the carbon used by truffle (Tuber sp.) fruiting bodies to develop underground is provided by host trees, suggesting that trees and truffles are physically connected. However, such physical link between trees and truffle fruiting bodies has never been observed.We discovered fruiting bodies of Tuber aestivum adhering to the walls of a belowground quarry and we took advantage of this unique situation to analyze the physical structure that supported these fruiting bodies in the open air. Observation of transversal sections of the attachment structure indicated that it was organized in ducts made of gleba-like tissue and connected to a network of hyphae traveling across soil particles.Only one mating type was detected by PCR in the gleba and in the attachment structure, suggesting that these two organs are from maternal origin, leaving open the question of the location of the opposite paternal mating type
Survival of bronchopulmonary cancers according to radon exposure
IntroductionResidential exposure is estimated to be responsible for nearly 10% of lung cancers in 2015 in France, making it the second leading cause, after tobacco. The Auvergne-RhĂŽne-Alpes region, in the southwest of France, is particularly affected by this exposure as 30% of the population lives in areas with medium or high radon potential. This study aimed to investigate the impact of radon exposure on the survival of lung cancer patients.MethodsIn this single-center study, patients with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of lung cancer, and newly managed, were prospectively included between 2014 and 2020. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were carried out using a non-proportional risk survival model to consider variations in risk over time.ResultsA total of 1,477 patients were included in the analysis. In the multivariate analysis and after adjustment for covariates, radon exposure was not statistically associated with survival of bronchopulmonary cancers (HR = 0.82 [0.54â1.23], HR = 0.92 [0.72â1.18], HR = 0.95 [0.76â1.19] at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively, for patients residing in category 2 municipalities; HR = 0.87 [0.66â1.16], HR = 0.92 [0.76â1.10], and HR = 0.89 [0.75â1.06] at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively, for patients residing in category 3 municipalities).DiscussionAlthough radon exposure is known to increase the risk of lung cancer, in the present study, no significant association was found between radon exposure and survival of bronchopulmonary cancers
Heat transfer in a swirling fluidized bed with Geldart type-D particles
A relatively new variant in fluidized bed technology, designated as the swirling fluidized bed (SFB), was investigated for its heat transfer characteristics when operating with Geldart type D particles. Unlike conventional fluidized beds, the SFB imparts secondary swirling motion to the bed to enhance lateral mixing. Despite its excellent hydrodynamics, its heat transfer characteristics have not been reported in the published literature. Hence, two different sizes of spherical PVC particles (2.61mm and 3.65mm) with the presence of a center body in the bed have been studied at different velocities of the fluidizing gas. The wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficients were measured by affixing a thin constant foil heater on the bed wall. Thermocouples located at different heights on the foil show a decrease in the wall heat transfer coefficient with bed height. It was seen that only a discrete particle model which accounts for the conduction between the particle and the heat transfer surface and the gas-convective augmentation can adequately represent the mechanism of heat transfer in the swirling fluidized bed
The FANCM:p.Arg658* truncating variant is associated with risk of triple-negative breast cancer
Abstract: Breast cancer is a common disease partially caused by genetic risk factors. Germline pathogenic variants in DNA repair genes BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, ATM, and CHEK2 are associated with breast cancer risk. FANCM, which encodes for a DNA translocase, has been proposed as a breast cancer predisposition gene, with greater effects for the ER-negative and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtypes. We tested the three recurrent protein-truncating variants FANCM:p.Arg658*, p.Gln1701*, and p.Arg1931* for association with breast cancer risk in 67,112 cases, 53,766 controls, and 26,662 carriers of pathogenic variants of BRCA1 or BRCA2. These three variants were also studied functionally by measuring survival and chromosome fragility in FANCMâ/â patient-derived immortalized fibroblasts treated with diepoxybutane or olaparib. We observed that FANCM:p.Arg658* was associated with increased risk of ER-negative disease and TNBC (OR = 2.44, P = 0.034 and OR = 3.79; P = 0.009, respectively). In a country-restricted analysis, we confirmed the associations detected for FANCM:p.Arg658* and found that also FANCM:p.Arg1931* was associated with ER-negative breast cancer risk (OR = 1.96; P = 0.006). The functional results indicated that all three variants were deleterious affecting cell survival and chromosome stability with FANCM:p.Arg658* causing more severe phenotypes. In conclusion, we confirmed that the two rare FANCM deleterious variants p.Arg658* and p.Arg1931* are risk factors for ER-negative and TNBC subtypes. Overall our data suggest that the effect of truncating variants on breast cancer risk may depend on their position in the gene. Cell sensitivity to olaparib exposure, identifies a possible therapeutic option to treat FANCM-associated tumors
Demographic, clinical, and service-use characteristics related to the clinicianâs recommendation to transition from child to adult mental health services
Purpose:
The service configuration with distinct child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) and adult mental health services (AMHS) may be a barrier to continuity of care. Because of a lack of transition policy, CAMHS clinicians have to decide whether and when a young person should transition to AMHS. This study describes which characteristics are associated with the cliniciansâ advice to continue treatment at AMHS.
Methods:
Demographic, family, clinical, treatment, and service-use characteristics of the MILESTONE cohort of 763 young people from 39 CAMHS in Europe were assessed using multi-informant and standardized assessment tools. Logistic mixed models were fitted to assess the relationship between these characteristics and cliniciansâ transition recommendations.
Results:
Young people with higher clinician-rated severity of psychopathology scores, with self- and parent-reported need for ongoing treatment, with lower everyday functional skills and without self-reported psychotic experiences were more likely to be recommended to continue treatment. Among those who had been recommended to continue treatment, young people who used psychotropic medication, who had been in CAMHS for more than a year, and for whom appropriate AMHS were available were more likely to be recommended to continue treatment at AMHS. Young people whose parents indicated a need for ongoing treatment were more likely to be recommended to stay in CAMHS.
Conclusion:
Although the decision regarding continuity of treatment was mostly determined by a small set of clinical characteristics, the recommendation to continue treatment at AMHS was mostly affected by service-use related characteristics, such as the availability of appropriate services
Cohort profile : demographic and clinical characteristics of the MILESTONE longitudinal cohort of young people approaching the upper age limit of their child mental health care service in Europe
Purpose: The presence of distinct child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) and adult mental health services (AMHS) impacts continuity of mental health treatment for young people. However, we do not know the extent of discontinuity of care in Europe nor the effects of discontinuity on the mental health of young people. Current research is limited, as the majority of existing studies are retrospective, based on small samples or used non-standardised information from medical records. The MILESTONE prospective cohort study aims to examine associations between service use, mental health and other outcomes over 24 months, using information from self, parent and clinician reports. Participants: Seven hundred sixty-three young people from 39 CAMHS in 8 European countries, their parents and CAMHS clinicians who completed interviews and online questionnaires and were followed up for 2 years after reaching the upper age limit of the CAMHS they receive treatment at. Findings to date: This cohort profile describes the baseline characteristics of the MILESTONE cohort. The mental health of young people reaching the upper age limit of their CAMHS varied greatly in type and severity: 32.8% of young people reported clinical levels of self-reported problems and 18.6% were rated to be âmarkedly illâ, âseverely illâ or âamong the most extremely illâ by their clinician. Fifty-seven per cent of young people reported psychotropic medication use in the previous half year. Future plans: Analysis of longitudinal data from the MILESTONE cohort will be used to assess relationships between the demographic and clinical characteristics of young people reaching the upper age limit of their CAMHS and the type of care the young person uses over the next 2 years, such as whether the young person transitions to AMHS. At 2 years follow-up, the mental health outcomes of young people following different care pathways will be compared. Trial registration number: NCT03013595
Lâambivalence du bonbon dans les interactions entre prĂ©adolescents au collĂšge (France)
Les bonbons sont des aliments traditionnellement associĂ©s Ă lâenfance et Ă la fĂȘte. Quâen font les prĂ©adolescents au collĂšge ? Une enquĂȘte ethnographique rĂ©alisĂ©e dans deux classes de 5Ăšme de collĂšges contrastĂ©s a permis dâobserver lâinstrumentalisation de ce qui pourrait ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme un Ă©lĂ©ment du patrimoine alimentaire enfantin par les prĂ©adolescents. La symbolique du bonbon est en grande partie alimentĂ©e par les pratiques adultes et par les mĂ©dias. Les prĂ©adolescents se la rĂ©approprient pour permettre leur intĂ©gration au groupe de pairs dans la classe. Le bonbon est un objet de transgression lorsquâil est mangĂ© en classe, il permet alors de gagner en prestige. Il peut Ă©galement ĂȘtre un vecteur de domination de certains Ă©lĂšves sur dâautres quand ces derniers se font dĂ©pouiller de leurs bonbons. Lâambivalence du bonbon comme aliment renforçant des liens amicaux ou au service dâenjeux de pouvoir permet de comprendre en quoi cet Ă©lĂ©ment du patrimoine alimentaire enfantin est un outil permettant aux prĂ©adolescents de trouver leur place au sein du groupe.In France, sweets can be traditionally related to childhood and celebrating. What do they represent for teenagers inside their school? An ethnographic methodology used in two classes of demographically different middle schools has enabled us to observe the use of this typical childrenâs food as a tool by teenagers in the school context. The symbolism of sweets is mainly constructed by adult practices and the media. The young adolescents use this symbolism to reinforce their integration among their classmates. Sweets are a rebellious object when eaten in the classroom and the daring children gain social status. They can also be used by some pupils to dominate others by stealing their sweets. Observing the ambivalence of sweets as foodstuff reinforcing friendship or for power issues enables us to understand how this element of childrenâs food heritage is a tool for teenagers to find their place within the peer group
Preteens as vehicles of public health actions : an analysis of a food education program in secondary schools
Dans un contexte national de politique nutritionnelle visant entre autres Ă rĂ©duire la prĂ©valence de lâobĂ©sitĂ©, des actions locales sont mises en place. Ce sont de telles actions que cette thĂšse se propose dâanalyser Ă travers la façon dont des prĂ©adolescents se rĂ©approprient un projet dâĂ©ducation alimentaire se dĂ©roulant dans leur classe. En prenant le point de vue des prĂ©adolescents, lâauteur cherche Ă comprendre les processus en jeu dans la rĂ©ception, la rĂ©utilisation dans diffĂ©rents contextes (en classe, Ă la cantine, dans la cour) et la diffusion au sein de la famille du projet. Une enquĂȘte ethnographique a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e dans deux collĂšges diffĂ©rents dâun point de vue socio-Ă©conomique mettant en place un projet dâĂ©ducation alimentaire dans une classe de cinquiĂšme. GrĂące Ă des observations participantes du groupe-classe au collĂšge et Ă des entretiens semi-directifs dans les familles, nous avons pu reconstituer des configurations singuliĂšres permettant de dĂ©gager un cadre interprĂ©tatif de lâadoption ou non dâune attitude de messager du projet au sein de sa famille. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent le rĂŽle central jouĂ© par le groupe de pairs dans la rĂ©ceptivitĂ© des prĂ©adolescents au projet. Les deux collĂšges se diffĂ©rencient quant Ă lâimage du projet au sein de la classe : le projet est beaucoup moins bien perçu par les Ă©lĂšves dans le collĂšge dĂ©favorisĂ©. Cette image plus nĂ©gative explique en partie pourquoi un moins grand nombre dâĂ©lĂšves de ce collĂšge adoptent une attitude de messager dans leur famille. Ainsi, lâeffet du groupe de pairs se fait sentir jusque dans la sphĂšre familiale.In the national background of nutrition policies aiming at reducing obesity prevalence, local actions are implemented. This thesis proposes to analyze such actions through the way preteens appropriate a food education program which takes place in their class. By taking the preteens point of view, the author tries to understand the process involved in the perception, reinterpretation in different contexts (classroom, canteen, schoolyard) and dissemination of the information within the family. An ethnographic study was carried out in two socio-economically different secondary schools setting up a food education program in year 8. Through participant observation in class and semi-structured interviews in the families, we were able to generate singular configurations. Therefore, this allowed us to construct an interpretative frame for the assumed preteensâ attitudes concerning the diffusion of the project in the family. Our results show the importance of the peer group in the preteens receptivity of the project. The two junior high schools are different concerning the projectâs image within the class: the program is far less well perceived by the pupils from the deprived school. This more negative opinion partly explains why fewer pupils from this school assume an attitude of messenger in their family. Therefore, the peer group effect can reach the family sphere
Lâambivalence du bonbon dans les interactions entre prĂ©adolescents au collĂšge (France)
Les bonbons sont des aliments traditionnellement associĂ©s Ă lâenfance et Ă la fĂȘte. Quâen font les prĂ©adolescents au collĂšge ? Une enquĂȘte ethnographique rĂ©alisĂ©e dans deux classes de 5Ăšme de collĂšges contrastĂ©s a permis dâobserver lâinstrumentalisation de ce qui pourrait ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme un Ă©lĂ©ment du patrimoine alimentaire enfantin par les prĂ©adolescents. La symbolique du bonbon est en grande partie alimentĂ©e par les pratiques adultes et par les mĂ©dias. Les prĂ©adolescents se la rĂ©approprient pour permettre leur intĂ©gration au groupe de pairs dans la classe. Le bonbon est un objet de transgression lorsquâil est mangĂ© en classe, il permet alors de gagner en prestige. Il peut Ă©galement ĂȘtre un vecteur de domination de certains Ă©lĂšves sur dâautres quand ces derniers se font dĂ©pouiller de leurs bonbons. Lâambivalence du bonbon comme aliment renforçant des liens amicaux ou au service dâenjeux de pouvoir permet de comprendre en quoi cet Ă©lĂ©ment du patrimoine alimentaire enfantin est un outil permettant aux prĂ©adolescents de trouver leur place au sein du groupe.In France, sweets can be traditionally related to childhood and celebrating. What do they represent for teenagers inside their school? An ethnographic methodology used in two classes of demographically different middle schools has enabled us to observe the use of this typical childrenâs food as a tool by teenagers in the school context. The symbolism of sweets is mainly constructed by adult practices and the media. The young adolescents use this symbolism to reinforce their integration among their classmates. Sweets are a rebellious object when eaten in the classroom and the daring children gain social status. They can also be used by some pupils to dominate others by stealing their sweets. Observing the ambivalence of sweets as foodstuff reinforcing friendship or for power issues enables us to understand how this element of childrenâs food heritage is a tool for teenagers to find their place within the peer group
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