Measuring the Energy of a Text

The article was submitted on 29.06.2017.This article examines the issue of introducing the term “energy” into the practice of specific linguistic studies. It is argued that this concept is useful for comprehending the subjective modal content of a speech work. The traditional linguistic interpretation of speech impact is based on the functionalsemantic concept of the expressivity of language units conveying the speaker’s emotions and evaluations. With the development of text linguistics, a broader view of the content of speech works and of impact-ensuring tools has become relevant. The author puts forward the term “energy” as a concept which synthesises speech and text, including categories of movement (changes, dynamics) and volition (goal-setting) of the subject of speech and the category of expressivity (intentionality). This idea is proved with reference to the extrapolation of philosophical interpretations of the concept of energy. The author describes the functional-semantic content of the energy component of the text and its structure. In terms of expression, the category of energy is a functional-semantic field which is realised as a set of expressive and nonexpressive language means belonging to different levels and verbal techniques aimed at impact. A separate tool or technique like this can be termed energema. The composition of text energemas is defined on lexical-semantic, grammatical, and prosodic grounds. This article considers energemas of two energy subfields: movement and volition. The author poses the problem of the statistical interpretation of text energy, which is particularly important for comparative studies of this phenomenon. Referring to a comparison of speech works of different genres united by one theme, the author demonstrates the energetic difference between a lecture and an encyclopaedic article. She also establishes groups of speech tools, providing dynamism and volition instruments as opposed to the static and abstract character of the text. It is proved that the intensity of the energy text field is directly proportional to the impact the text makes on the addressee.Рассматривается проблема внедрения в практику конкретных лингвистических исследований термина «энергетика». Утверждается, что данное понятие целесообразно при осмыслении субъективно-модального содержания речевого произведения. Традиционная лингвистическая трактовка речевого воздействия опирается на функционально-семантическую концепцию экспрессивности языковых единиц, выражающих эмоции и оценки говорящего. С развитием лингвистики текста становится актуальным более широкий взгляд на воздействующее содержание речевого произведения и средства обеспечения воздействия. Автор предлагает термин «энергетика» как синтезирующее речетекстовое понятие, включающее в себя категории движения (изменения, динамики), волеизъявления (целеполагания) субъекта речи и экспрессивности (интенциональности). Этот тезис доказывается на основе экстраполяции философской трактовки понятия «энергия» в сферу текста. Показано функционально-семантическое наполнение текстового компонента энергетики и его структура. В плане выражения категория энергетики представляет собой функционально-семантическое поле, которое реализуется в виде совокупности экспрессивных и неэкспрессивных языковых средств различной уровневой принадлежности, а также речевых приемов, нацеленных на воздействие. Отдельное такое средство или прием может быть обозначено термином «энергема». Состав энергем текста определяется на лексико-семантическом, грамматическом, просодическом основаниях. В статье рассматриваются энергемы двух субполей энергетики: движения и волеизъявления. Автор ставит также проблему статистической интерпретации энергетики текста, особенно важной для сопоставительного исследования названного феномена. На материале сопоставления речевых произведений разного жанра на одну тему демонстрируется энергетическая разница лекции и энциклопедической статьи. Выявлены группы речевых средств, обеспечивающих динамизм и волевую оснащенность изложения в противовес статичности и абстрагированности текста. Доказывается, что плотность текстового поля энергетики прямо пропорциональна силе воздействия текста на адресата.Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ, грант №15-04-00239/17-ОГОН «Национальные базовые ценности и их отражение в коммуникативном пространстве провинциального города: традиции и динамика». Исследование поддержано программой 211 Правительства Российской Федерации, соглашение № 02.A03.21.0006

The development of the design thinking for future designers in the classroom on the academic drawing as scientific-methodological problem

In the article the necessity of formation of design thinking in the classroom for the discipline "the Academic drawing". Specify the number of problems that arose between the system of teaching the academic disciplines (painting, drawing, composition) and how directed activities of designersВ статье рассматривается необходимость формирования проектного мышления на занятиях по дисциплине «Академический рисунок». Указывается ряд проблем, которые встали между системой преподавания академических дисциплин (живопись, рисунок, композиция) и практической направленной деятельностью дизайнеро

On Method of Revealing Value Information of Conversation Dialogue

The problem of processing the spoken dialogue material aimed at the identification of the value content of informal verbal communication is considered. The relevance of the research is linked with the growing interest of communicative linguistics and cultural linguistics to the content and ways of expressing the value component of modern Russian speech practice. The author’s development of the procedure of axiological analysis of conversational dialogue is presented, for each stage of which (on the basis of approbation in the field of family and friendly speech communication) a certain theoretically grounded methodological solution is proposed. The auxiliary stage of the analysis is the structuring of the conversation dialogue. The importance of the following groups of elements is substantiated: 1) replica - dialogical unity -speech party; 2) value thematic fragment - value communicative fragment. The author argues that unique fragmentation of a dialogue on the value basis provides the researcher with a set of compact structural units of analysis suitable for identifying the value meanings of the included replicas of communicants. At the main stage of the analysis it is offered to carry out qualification of the value contents of replicas. The final statement about the quality of a speech act of a person is recommended to do on the basis of its comparison with the standards: maxims of speech communication and Russian speech ideal. The practical value of the work lies in the fact that on the basis of the proposed procedure an algorithm to identify valuable information of conversation can be built

Elementary models of 3D topological insulators with chiral symmetry

We construct a set of lattice models of non-interacting topological insulators with chiral symmetry in three dimensions. We build a model of the topological insulators in the class AIII by coupling lower dimensional models of $\mathbb{Z}$ classes. By coupling the two AIII models related by time-reversal symmetry we construct other chiral symmetric topological insulators that may also possess additional symmetries (the time-reversal and/or particle-hole). There are two different chiral symmetry operators for the coupled model, that correspond to two distinct ways of defining the sublattices. The integer topological invariant (the winding number) in case of weak coupling can be either the sum or difference of indices of the basic building blocks, dependent on the preserved chiral symmetry operator. The value of the topological index in case of weak coupling is determined by the chiral symmetry only and does not depend on the presence of other symmetries. For $\mathbb{Z}$ topological classes AIII, DIII, and CI with chiral symmetry are topologically equivalent, it implies that a smooth transition between the classes can be achieved if it connects the topological sectors with the same winding number. We demonstrate this explicitly by proving that the gapless surface states remain robust in $\mathbb{Z}$ classes as long as the chiral symmetry is preserved, and the coupling does not close the gap in the bulk. By studying the surface states in $\mathbb{Z}_2$ topological classes, we show that class CII and AII are distinct, and can not be adiabatically connected

Aleksandr Konstantinovich Matveev. An onomatologist and researcher of ancient language contacts

The article was submitted on 15.06.2015.The article considers the personality and research activity of Aleksandr Konstantinovich Matveev (1926-2010), an outstanding Russian linguist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and professor of Ural State University (presently, Ural Federal University). Specializing in the study of proper names (onomatology), Professor Matveev argued that the class of geographical names was crucial for the reconstruction of ethno-historical data on the former distribution of tribes and peoples in the vast territories of present-day Russia. Among his achievements is the development of principles and methods of onomastic research based on field material collected by means of frontal survey. With the view of collecting linguistic material, A. K. Matveev established the Toponymic Expedition of Ural University that explored a number of northern regions of European Russia as well as the Northern and Middle Urals. During a 50-year period, the expedition collected millions on onomastic and lexical units. The unique card files stored at the department established by him at Ural Federal University are used as a basis for theses and other research as well as dictionaries, and they are used to correct cartographic data. The central issue of the scholar's research was that of substrate in Russian toponymy. Together with his acolytes and colleagues, he searched for Finno-Ugric (Chud) and Merya language heritage in the Russian North, and Mansi loan words in the Northern Urals. The research material was analyzed with the help of a complex of methods (i. e. interlingual phonetic and other comparisons, the linguo-geographic method of cartographing and comparisons with data provided by related disciplines). Professor Matveev’s findings and the findings of the Ural Toponymic Research School appear in onomastic and lexical dictionaries. The final conclusions of their toponymic research go far beyond linguistics and have a historico-ethnic character. Professor Matveev is an eminent figure who evokes the memories of world-famous linguists-travellers of the past. He combines the audacity of a discoverer, the rigor of a scholar-including excellent organizing skills-the spirit of a zealous protector of his homeland’s spiritual culture and the talent of a teacher. People were drawn to him by his vast erudition and versatile interests, and his humaneness combined with devotion to his research interests. A. K. Matveev’s Research School and the Toponymic Expedition continue their intensive work until the present day.Описывается личность и научная деятельность выдающегося русского лингвиста, члена-корреспондента Российской академии наук, профессора Уральского государственного университета (ныне УрФУ) Александра Константиновича Матвеева (1926-2010). Его научные интересы были сосредоточены на изучении собственных имен (ономатологии), в области которых профессор Матвеев поставил на особую высоту класс географических названий по их значимости для восстановления этноисторических сведений о былом расселении племен и народов на обширных территориях современной России. В его заслуги входит разработка принципов и методов ономастического исследования на основе полевого фронтально собранного материала. Для сбора языкового материала А. К. Матвеевым была организована Топонимическая экспедиция Уральского университета, обследовавшая целый ряд областей севера европейской части России, а также Северного и Среднего Урала и за пятьдесят с лишним лет накопившая миллионы фиксаций ономастических и лексических единиц. Уникальные картотеки экспедиции, хранящиеся на созданной им кафедре в Уральском федеральном университете, служат основой диссертационных и других научных исследований, словарей, корректировки картографических данных. Центральной для ученого являлась проблема субстрата в русской топонимии. Вместе с учениками и коллегами он искал финно-угорское (чудское) и мерянское языковое наследие на Русском Севере, мансийские заимствования - на Северном Урале. Материал исследования изучался комплексно (применялись межъязыковые фонетические и прочие сопоставления, лингвогеографический метод картографирования, сопоставление с данными смежных наук). Результаты работы А. К. Матвеева и основанной им Уральской топонимической научной школы отражены в ономастических и лексических словарях. Конечные же научные выводы топонимических изысканий выходят за пределы лингвистики и носят историко-этнический характер. Профессор Матвеев - яркая личность, заставляющая вспомнить о всемирно известных лингвистах-путешественниках прошлого. В нем соединены дерзость первооткрывателя, скрупулезность кабинетного ученого, организационные способности, совесть ревнителя отечественной духовной культуры, педагогический талант. Широчайшая эрудиция, разносторонние интересы, человечность при поглощенности своим основным делом привлекали к нему людей. Научная школа А. К. Матвеева и Топонимическая экспедиция продолжают активную деятельность

The TGF-beta — SMAD pathway is inactivated in cronic lymphocytic leukemia cells

Aim: To study the status of the tumor growth factor beta (TGFB) pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and to uncover molecular details underlying CLL cell genesis. Objects and Methods: The study was conducted on peripheral blood samples of patients with CLL using the following methods: RNA isolation, analysis of expression of transcription factors using RT2 profiler assay, bioinformatics analysis of publicly available data bases on expression. Results: We have shown that the TGFB — SMAD canonical pathway is not active in CLL cells. SMAD-responsive genes, such as BCL2L1 (BCL-XL), CCND2 (Cyclin D2), and MYC, are down-regulated in CLL cells compared with peripheral blood B cells of healthy donors. Conclusions: The TGFB-mediated signaling is not active in CLL cells due to low (or absent) expression of SMAD1, -4, -5, -9, and ATF-3. Expression and phosphorylation status of SMAD2 and -3 should be further elucidated in the future studies

The TGF-beta — SMAD pathway is inactivated in cronic lymphocytic leukemia cells

Aim: To study the status of the tumor growth factor beta (TGFB) pathway in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells and to uncover molecular details underlying CLL cell genesis. Objects and Methods: The study was conducted on peripheral blood samples of patients with CLL using the following methods: RNA isolation, analysis of expression of transcription factors using RT2 profiler assay, bioinformatics analysis of publicly available data bases on expression. Results: We have shown that the TGFB — SMAD canonical pathway is not active in CLL cells. SMAD-responsive genes, such as BCL2L1 (BCL-XL), CCND2 (Cyclin D2), and MYC, are down-regulated in CLL cells compared with peripheral blood B cells of healthy donors. Conclusions: The TGFB-mediated signaling is not active in CLL cells due to low (or absent) expression of SMAD1, -4, -5, -9, and ATF-3. Expression and phosphorylation status of SMAD2 and -3 should be further elucidated in the future studies

Computerized Neuropsychological Assessment in 6–9 Years-old Children

The article presents a new computer-based test battery of neuropsychological assessment in 6–9-year-old children. The battery consists of seven tests for assessing executive functions, functions of activation regulation, functions of visual-spatial information and auditory information processing. The following tests are describedin the article: the Dots task, two-colored Schulte–Gorbov tables, Corsi block span test and Understanding of Similar Sounding Words test. The battery is developed in the software platform ‘MSU-Practice’ (http://psychosoft.ru). The system allows researchers to conduct the tests, collect data and analyze them. In addition, it includes cloud service to support the collaboration of different research groups. A total of 21 preschoolers, 52 first-graders and 114 second-graders took part in a pilot study. All three groups of children took the four computer tests and went through a neuropsychological assessment adapted for children between the ages of 5 and 9. The correlation analysis showed consistency between the results of the computertests and the results of the neuropsychological assessments. This allowed us to conclude that the new computer methodology is sufficiently sensible and valid to assess different components of higher mental functions in children. Keywords: neuropsychology, higher mental functions, primary school children, cognitive functions, computer-based test

Guarantee of quality of electronic testirvaniya in the system of the additional vocational education

Today becomes urgent the creation of the information texnologies, based on the systems approach to the estimation of test tasks. For this it is expedient to develop test programs for the checking of the standard of knowledge of listeners. Undoubtedly, the automated evaluation of knowledge occupies here fundamental importance. We developed innovation approach to the form of the idea of the results of electronic testing. The special importance takes the form of the idea of the result of testing, which gives advantage during the guarantee of quality of educational services. It is shown that the test technologies increase the quality of instruction in the system of additional vocational educationСегодня становится актуальным создание информационных технологий, основанных на системном подходе к оценке тестовых заданий. Для этого целесообразно разработать тест-программы для контроля уровня знаний слушателей. Несомненно, автоматизированная оценка знаний занимает здесь первостепенное значение. Мы разработали инновационный подход к форме представления результатов электронного тестирования. Особое значение имеет вид представления результата тестирования, которое дает преимущество при обеспечении качества образовательных услуг. Показано, что тестовые технологии повышают качество обучения в системе дополнительного профессионального образовани

Expression sequences of opine synthase genes in natural GMOs based on analysis of their transcriptomes

Agrobacterium is a natural genetic material delivery system that humans use to produce genetically modified plants (GMO). In nature, GMOs also occur with the participation of agrobacteria. In 2019, the list of known natural GMOs was expanded by an order of magnitude, and facts were found in favor of the expression of agrobacterial genes in natural GMOs. The frequency of this phenomenon for dicotyledon plants has been estimated at 7 percent. Opine synthase genes turned out to be the predominant ones of agrobacterial origin in natural GMOs. They probably perform important functions in natural GMOs. In 2021, an article was published with an updated list of natural GMOs, but the list of genes expressed in natural GMOs has not been updated since 2019.The aim of this work is to update the list of opine synthase genes expressed in natural GMOs. The research methods included bioinformatic search using queries based on the sequences of opine synthase proteins from Agrobacterium rhizogenes, A. tumefaciens and A. vitis, their homologues from Ipomoea and Nicotiana plants, in the TSA database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the TBLASTN algorithm with default settings.The study resulted in the addition of another 18 species to the list of natural GMOs with expressed opine synthase genes, 12 of which belong to genera where natural GMOs were not previously described (Albizia, Cenostigma, Averrhoa, Gynostemma, Eurycoma, Gypsophila, Myosoton, Camptotheca, Gustavia, Eschweilera, Cestrum, Jasminum, and Paulownia).An analysis of the diversity of the detected sequences showed that homologues of cucumopine and mikimopine synthase predominate among them. The end products of these genes are optical isomers. In the future, it makes sense to start studying the functions of opine synthases in plants from these genes